电位法快速检测有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药灵敏度的研究

以黄豆中提取的植物酯酶为检测用酶,根据酶抑制反应前后ΔpH变化,建立了电位法快速检测有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的方法。测定了20种有机磷及9种氨基甲酸酯类农药的灵敏度,经与国家规定的最大残留限量(MRL)相比较,有28种农药的最低检测限(LDC)可达到MRL限值要求。     

有机磷农残检测用植物酯酶的研究

本文研究了多种植物种子中植物酯酶的提取方法和总酯酶活力,得出了最佳提取条件。并且研究了不同来源的植物酯酶对有机磷农药的敏感性,确定了黄豆来源酯酶对敌敌畏等五种农药的最低检测限。结果表明,以黄豆来源的植物酯酶的总酯酶活力和敏感性为最好。     

黑豆酯酶检测氧乐果残留条件的优化

目的研究以氧乐果为代表的有机磷农药残留检测条件。方法以黑豆酯酶为酶源,a-乙酸萘酯为底物,采用酶抑制法,考察黑豆酯酶稀释倍数、显色时间、反应温度3个因素对黑豆酯酶活力测定的影响。然后通过3因素3水平响应面法优化黑豆酯酶活力的测定条件,并确定氧乐果对黑豆酯酶的最佳抑制时间和检测的灵敏度。结果当黑豆酯酶稀释倍数为18,显色反应时间为10 min,反应温度为41℃时,黑豆酯酶活力测定的吸光度值达到0.811。氧乐果抑制黑豆酯酶的最佳时间是4 min。绘制氧乐果对黑豆酯酶的标准曲线,得到最低检测限为0.1μg/mL。结论本研究获得了以黑豆酯酶抑制法检测氧乐果残留的最佳条件,其检测限低于有机磷农药氧乐果残留检测的最低限值要求(0.2μg/mL)。因此,以黑豆酯酶为酶源的酶抑制法可以作为有机磷农药氧乐果残留快速检测的一种有效手段。     

酶抑制法检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留

对酶抑制法快速检测有机磷农药残留进行研究.以鲫鱼脑、肝脏和肌肉乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)为检测用酶,对5种蔬菜中有机磷农药残留进行检测.根据AChE酶活抑制率和农药抑制方程,判断农药残留情况.当AChE酶活抑制率大于35%时,可判断该样品中农药残留超标.结果表明,试验中5种蔬菜样品农药残留均未超标.除豆角外,该方法的回收率均在80%～120%之间,表明该方法的检测结果准确可靠.     

豌豆酯酶的纯化和酯酶活性表征及其对农药的敏感性

由于食品和环境中的农药残留对人体健康构成威胁,使得发展农残快速检测方法显得十分重要,从植物中发现新的酶源有助于降低酶抑制法快速检测农药的成本。实验从豌豆中分离纯化豌豆酯酶,并进行了酶类鉴别、特性表征和农药敏感性研究。纯化后的豌豆酯酶分子质量约为26. 0 k Da,具有较高的酯酶活性。通过底物和抑制剂特异性试验,将豌豆酯酶分类为羧酸酯酶。豌豆酯酶在质量浓度为0. 45μg/m L,缓冲液p H 6. 5和反应温度40℃时,表现出最好的催化活性。豌豆酯酶可以被有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药抑制。豌豆酯酶属于B型酯酶,可用于酶抑制法检测有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留,且经过纯化的豌豆酯酶满足大多数农药最大残留限值(MRL)检测的要求。     

小麦酯酶的纯化、冻干及对有机磷农药的检测

该文研究从小麦面粉提取的小麦酯酶粗酶液的纯化、冻干和其有机磷农药的最低检测限。确定了用饱和度为30%和60%的硫酸铵对小麦酯酶粗酶液进行分段盐析,纯化后酶液的比酶活是纯化前的2.4倍;最佳保护剂为5%的聚乙二醇,它不仅可以有效保护纯化后的小麦酯酶在冷冻干燥过程中不失活,而且还具有良好的稳定性;最后确定了冻干小麦酯酶酶粉中敌敌畏、敌百虫、毒死蜱、乐果和辛硫磷等5种有机磷农药最低检测限分别为0.01 mg/kg、0.02 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg、0.07 mg/kg和0.03 mg/kg,均低于国家规定农药最大残留量,冻干酶粉对敌敌畏灵敏度最佳。     

鲤鱼来源乙酰胆碱酯酶的高效表达及分子对接模拟

乙酰胆碱酯酶介导的农药残留检测方法在食品安全中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本研究以鲤鱼来源的乙酰胆碱酯酶基因(Cp ACh E)为试验材料,通过基因密码子优化来提高酶的表达量;通过表征鲤鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶学性质探究其在农药残留检测中的应用潜力。采用计算机模拟技术寻找有机磷农药克百威与酶结合的氨基酸残基位点。结果表明:经密码子优化的重组酶乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶活力为7.4 U/m L,表达量提高约40倍,最适反应温度25℃,最适p H 8.0。动力学参数K_m和V_(max)分别是1.639 mg/m L和8.071μmol/min/mg。不同有机溶剂和金属离子对酶活力的影响存在差异,大多数有机试剂对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有抑制作用,而Mg~(2+)、K~+、Ca~(2+)和Li~+离子对该酶活性有促进作用,其中Mg~(2+)(5 mmol/L)的促进最为明显,使该酶活力提高约1.7倍。重组酶对8种有机磷和8种氨基甲酸酯类农药都表现出较强的敏感性,其中,克百威抑制作用最强,最低检测限为0.044μg/m L。此外,分子对接发现,克百威与重组酶中的19个氨基酸之间形成氢键和疏水作用,其中氨基酸Tyr146、Ser147和Tyr355很可能是与克百威结合的靶位点。本研究成功实现了乙酰胆碱酯酶的高效表达,探究了乙酰胆碱酯酶与克百威的结合位点,为该酶在食品中有机磷和氨基甲酸类农药残留检测的应用及理性改造提供了一定的理论指导。     

小麦酯酶提取及其对有机磷农药检测初探

研究从小麦面粉提取小麦酯酶提取条件及其粗酶液对4种有机磷农药最低检测限和灵敏度。运用单因素实验和正交实验对小麦酯酶提取条件进行优化,确定适宜提取条件,提取液为0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液、料液比1∶4、40℃振荡提取60 min,提取粗酶液酶活为1.675 U/mL;并确定粗酶液对敌敌畏、敌百虫、乐果和毒死蜱等4种有机磷农药最低检测限分别为0.05 mg/kg、0.04 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg和0.07 mg/kg,均低于国家规定农药最大残留量,且粗酶液对敌敌畏灵敏度最佳。     

猪腰豆幼苗中乙酰胆碱酯酶和酯酶活性及其对农药的敏感性

选取猪腰豆为研究对象,测定不同时期、不同部位猪腰豆幼苗中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和酯酶活性,选取活性最高的部位提取酶,分别检测其对有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药的灵敏性,确定最低检测限。结果表明：AChE在6d子叶中比活力最高为0.969U/mg;酯酶活力在2d幼芽中最高为1.9433U/mL;AChE对农药反应的灵敏性高于酯酶,对敌敌畏、氧化乐果、灭多威的最低检测限分别为0.025、0.07、0.07mg/kg,低于国家规定的允许残留限量,可以满足农药残留快速检测的要求。     

农药残留快速检测固定化酶片的研究

采用硝酸纤维素膜(Nc)和植物酯酶研究了农药残留快速检测固定化酶片.通过对酶用量、戊二醛浓度、牛血清白蛋白浓度、固定化pH值和温度的参数优化,建立了NC膜固定化植物酯酶的方法,即:20μl游离酶,0.05%戊二醛2μl,0.5%牛血清白蛋白15μl,pH7.0缓冲液体系,4℃下固定8h.对游离酶和固定化酶的特性进行了比较,发现固定化植物酯酶对底物的最适反应温度为35℃,比游离酶提高了5℃;最适pH为8.0,比游离酶提高了0.5个pH单位.游离酶和固定化酶对四种农药(敌敌畏、灭多威、氧乐果、久效磷)的敏感性进行了比较,发现固定化酶对四种农药敏感性都较游离酶有所提高,固定化酶更适合于农药的快速检测.     

Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Trace Trichlorfon and Monocrotophos Residues in Fruits

In this study, a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIL@MIP) that could selectively recognize the trichlorfon and monocrotophos was synthesized using metal-organic framework MIL-101 as support material. The prepared MIL@MIP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, static adsorption, kinetic adsorption, and competitive adsorption analyses. Using this material as sorbent, a new method of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of trichlorfon and monocrotophos was established. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of this method for trichlorfon and monocrotophos detection was 0.011 and 0.015 mg/kg, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for five replicates of 0.05 mg/L trichlorfon and monocrotophos mixed solutions was within the range of 1.8 to 3.7 %. Apple and pear samples spiked with the two kinds of organophosphate pesticides were extracted and determined by using this method with good recoveries ranging from 86.5 to 91.7 %. Moreover, this method was successfully applied for the detection of the two organophosphate pesticides in strawberry samples.     

用于农药残留现场快速检测的微流控芯片研制

研制一种用于农药残留现场快速检测的微流控芯片。设计制作的一次性高聚物微流控芯片集成进样、酶抑制反应、显色反应及检测单元,结合自制的手持式光度分析检测装置,可以实现对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类农药的现场、低成本、快速、准确的检测。结果表明：通过在芯片内部固定存储生化试剂,只需一次进样,7 min内即可实现对克百威和乐果的快速检测,最低检出限分别为0.02、0.6 mg/L,对克百威加标回收率为95.0%～103.3%,制作的芯片在1 个月内的稳定性较好。使用微流控农药残留快速检测芯片系统,有望实现全自动检测流程,特别适合于基层非专业人员开展现场、快速、高通量的农药残留筛查。     

基于脂质体反应器的酶纳米生物传感器在敌敌畏快速检测中的应用

采用脂质体技术制备乙酰胆碱酯酶的微反应器,并以微反应器、壳聚糖和二氧化硅为基质,构建以多层纳米酶膜修饰电极为核心的有机磷农药残留快速检测酶电化学生物传感器。结果表明,酶脂质体微反应器平均粒径为（7.26±0.75）μm;修饰电极多层酶膜的最佳层数为6 个双层;以敌敌畏作为有机磷农药模型,分别在其浓度为0.25～1.75 μmol/L和2.00～10.00 μmol/L线性范围内,传感器的峰电流值与乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制率呈现出良好的线性关系,回归方程分别为I=28.58C＋5.35和I=2.38C＋51.25;最低检出限为（0.72±0.065）μg/L（信噪比为3）;此新型酶纳米生物传感器具有良好的灵敏度、重复性和选择性。     

果蔬有机磷农药残留检测中的温度控制研究

为了给便携式农药残留检测仪研究开发提供温度控制单元的方案,深入研究了环境温度、水浴温度和比色池温度对农药残留检测结果的影响。结果表明,对以酶抑制法为原理的农药残留检测方法和仪器,温度控制方式不仅影响分析结果的准确度,而且还影响分析结果的灵敏度。在仪器比色池中采用恒温的方式不仅可以提高分析方法的灵敏度和准确度,还可以提高仪器的最低检出限。     

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé: the Cameroonian total diet study

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed in Yaoundé, Cameroon, using the total diet study (TDS) method. Sixty-three composite samples, representative of the foods as consumed in Yaoundé, were collected, prepared, and analysed for residues of pesticides including organochlorine, organophosphorous, and pyrethroids. A multi-residue method was used with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005 mg kg(-1). Additional analyses were performed for dithiocarbamates (LOD=0.050 mg kg(-1)), glyphosate (LOD=0.005 mg kg(-1)) and chlordecone (LOD=0.0008 mg kg(-1)) on certain composites samples. The overall contamination was low with 37 out of 46 pesticides below the LOD in all samples. The estimated upper bound (for values less than the LOD equal the LOD; and values less than the LOQ equal the LOQ) of the mean dietary exposures ranged from 0.24% (cypermethrin) to 3.03% (pirimiphos-methyl) of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for pesticides for which at least one analysis was greater than the LOD. This study suggests a low dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé.     

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed in Yaoundé, Cameroon, using the total diet study (TDS) method. Sixty-three composite samples, representative of the foods as consumed in Yaoundé, were collected, prepared, and analysed for residues of pesticides including organochlorine, organophosphorous, and pyrethroids. A multi-residue method was used with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005mgkg^?1. Additional analyses were performed for dithiocarbamates (LOD=0.050mgkg^?1), glyphosate (LOD=0.005mgkg^?1) and chlordecone (LOD=0.0008mgkg^?1) on certain composites samples. The overall contamination was low with 37 out of 46 pesticides below the LOD in all samples. The estimated upper bound (for values less than the LOD equal the LOD; and values less than the LOQ equal the LOQ) of the mean dietary exposures ranged from 0.24% (cypermethrin) to 3.03% (pirimiphos-methyl) of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for pesticides for which at least one analysis was greater than the LOD. This study suggests a low dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé.     

Carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensor for assay of salivary cholinesterase enzyme activity: an exposure biomarker of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents

Certain saliva enzymes may be useful biomarkers for detecting exposures to organophosphate pesticides and chemical nerve agents. In this regard, saliva biomonitoring offers a simple and noninvasive approach for rapidly evaluating those exposures in real time. An electrochemical sensor coupled with a microflow injection system was developed for a simple, rapid, and sensitive characterization of cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activities in rat saliva. The electrochemical sensor is based on a carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE), which is integrated into a flow cell. Because of the excellent electrocatalytic activity of the CNTs, the sensor can detect electroactive species that are produced from enzymatic reactions with extremely high sensitivity and at low potentials. The electrochemical properties of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic products were studied using a CNT-modified SPE, and the operation parameters such as the applied potential and substrate concentration were optimized to achieve the best performance. The AChE enzyme activity was further investigated using the CNT-based electrochemical sensor with commercially available purified AChE and ChE in saliva obtained from nave rats. It is found that the calibration curve is linear over a wide range of AChE concentrations from 5 pM to 0.5 nM, and the sensor is very sensitive with the detection limit down to 2 pM. The dynamics of the ChE enzyme activity in saliva with organophosphate pesticides was further studied using this sensor. The results showthatthe senor can be used to characterize salivary enzyme activity and to detect the exposure to organophosphate compounds. This new CNT-based electrochemical sensor thus provides a sensitive and quantitative tool for noninvasive biomonitoring of the exposure to organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents.     

Marine-derived bioactive materials for neuroprotection

A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 56 residual pesticides from commercial crops. For a validation of the method, the recoveries, linearities, limits of detection (LOD), and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the 56 pesticides were investigated. The linearities, LOD, and mean recoveries of the pesticides ranged 0.9686–0.9999, 0.00–11.54 μg/kg, and 65–82%, respectively. This method was evaluated by its application to monitor 345 agricultural products collected from 9 provinces in Korea 2011. Fifteen pesticides were detected from 39 samples and 2 or more residual pesticides were found in 7 samples. However, none of the compounds were observed above the corresponding maximum residue level. The results reflect that the detected pesticide residues were in a safe range and that residual pesticides in the agricultural products in Korea were properly controlled.