酶解法增溶酵母(1→3)-β-D-葡聚糖的研究

以实验室制备的酵母(1→3)-β-D-葡聚糖为原料,通过酶解法制备水溶性酵母(1→3)-β-D-葡聚糖,并对其结构和生物活性进行了研究。以水溶性酵母葡聚糖得率为指标,通过单因素和正交实验,确定了酵母(1→3)-β-D-葡聚糖酶解的工艺条件。优化后的酶解条件为:酶活浓度0.15 U/mL,底物质量浓度0.5 g/100 mL,酶解温度40℃,pH3.5,酶解时间0.5 h,该酶解条件下水溶性酵母葡聚糖得率为80.3%。红外光谱分析表明,水溶性葡聚糖仍具有(1→3)-β-D-葡聚糖分子构型,刚果红实验表明其具有三螺旋结构。活性实验表明,水溶性葡聚糖能有效提高E.coli诱导的患腹膜炎小鼠的存活率。     

啤酒中阿拉伯木聚糖的含量

β-(1→3)，(1→4)-D葡聚糖在制麦和酿造过程中的重要性已经被人们认知，最近它的重要性又被Bamforth重申。β-葡聚糖的影响主要表现在以下几方面：它能够降低麦芽的浸出率，使过滤速度减慢，影响过滤设备的使用效率，而且会形成凝胶和浑浊物影响啤酒的质量。但是，阿拉伯木聚糖——是大麦细胞壁的另一种重要成分，研究者对它的关注程度却远远不及β-葡聚糖。但是研究结果表明，谷物阿拉伯木聚糖是一种部分水溶的高分子量多     

新型水溶性(1→3）(1→6）-α-D-葡聚糖的性质

利用明串珠菌SK24.002发酵制备水溶性(1→3)(1→6)-α-D葡聚糖,采用高效液相色谱仪、扫描电镜、Zeta电位/粒径仪、热分析系统、差示扫描量热仪、旋转流变仪等现代分析方法测定其理化性质。结果表明,该葡聚糖表面呈多孔网络结构,能溶于水,溶液中粒径分布在40~160nm范围内。相对分子质量分布呈单一峰,具有较高的热稳定性,200℃以下只失去了吸附水,当温度在265~345℃时,发生强烈的热裂解反应,(1→3)(1→6)-α-D葡聚糖溶液的黏度在5~10 g/d L范围内随着质量浓度增加呈指数上升,高浓度的葡聚糖溶液呈现剪切变稀特性,能形成弱凝胶。     

谷物β-葡聚糖结构、功能及其应用研究进展

谷物β-葡聚糖是β-D-吡喃葡萄糖单位通过β-(1→4)键重复连接,再被单一的β-(1→3)键分开而成的无分支线性葡萄糖聚合物,是一种重要的水溶性膳食纤维,主要存在于大麦、燕麦和小麦中。谷物β-葡聚糖在降血糖、血脂,提高免疫活性及改善肠道健康等方面生理活性显著,已广泛应用于食品和化妆品等领域。本文综述了谷物β-葡聚糖的提取纯化、结构特征、含量测定、理化性质、生物活性及其应用,为谷物β-葡聚糖的进一步研究和开发提供参考。     

大麦发芽过程中多糖水解酶系的作用

细胞壁降解对发芽大麦中胚乳的代谢起着重要的作用。阿拉伯木聚糖和(1→3，1→4)—β—葡聚糖两者总和超过细胞壁重量的90％。他们的降解需要多糖水解酶和寡糖酶的共同作用。(1→3，1→4)—β—葡聚糖内切酶在降解β—葡聚糖过程中释放出寡糖，寡糖再由β—葡聚糖外切酶和β—葡萄糖苷酶转化为葡萄糖。近来，后两种酶从发芽大麦中得以分离纯化，此足以证明发芽大麦中的(1→3，1→4)—β—葡聚糖外切酶来源于广泛存在于植物细胞中并能水解细胞壁多糖的(1→3)—β—葡聚糖酶。阿拉伯木聚糖的水解液需要一系列的酶，但对此研究较少。(1→4)—β—木聚糖内切酶已被纯化并分离出相应的cDNAs和基因。虽然(1→4)—β—木聚糖内切酶和α—L—阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶被多次报道，但对它们性质的研究还不深入。     

酶电极法快速测定β(1→3)-D-葡聚糖含量的研究

采用酶电极法测定β(1→3)-D-葡聚糖的含量,结果表明,葡聚糖H2SO4水解的最佳时间为6h,水解液中和过程中产生的盐对测定结果无明显干扰作用,与硫酸-苯酚法相比,该方法具有快速、准确、稳定等优点,是目前测定β(1→3)-D-葡聚糖含量的一种理想方法.     

燕麦β-葡聚糖的结构研究

采用紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、原子力显微镜观察等现代分析手段以及特异性β-葡聚糖酶水解,研究了燕麦β-葡聚糖提取物组分POG-1A的结构特性.结果表明,POG-1A是由D-吡喃葡萄糖残基通过β-（1→3）和β-（1→4）糖苷键连接成的线性均一多糖,其中β-（1→3）和β-（1→4）键的比例为1：2.4;特异性β-葡聚糖酶水解后主要的酶解产物为纤维三糖和纤维四糖,它们占90.91%;原子力显微镜显示POG-1A的高级结构为复杂的网络状结构,酶解以后的产物为链长不等的聚集物.     

燕麦β—葡聚糖溶液流体性能及其协同增稠效应研究

燕麦中β—(1→3)(1→4)D—葡聚糖(以下简称β—葡聚糖)具有降血脂、降血糖等重要生理功能而使之成为研究热点。本文采用动态流变仪和乌氏粘度计测定动态粘度方法，系统研究燕麦β葡聚糖流体力学性能与其它增稠剂协同增稠效应。燕麦葡聚糖水溶液自身流体性能研究表明，     

黄山花菇多糖FMP3-1的化学结构与免疫活性研究

为研究黄山花菇多糖FMP3-1的理化性质、结构及免疫活性,本文采用热水浸提、DEAE-纤维素离子交换及葡聚糖凝胶等提取分离技术从黄山花菇中获得了一个均一多糖组分FMP3-1,并进一步采用高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)、气相色谱(GC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、核磁共振(NMR)、部分酸水解等技术手段对FMP3-1的化学结构进行了解析,并对FMP3-1和酸水解产物FMP3-1S进行免疫活性实验研究。结果表明,FMP3-1的分子量为5.74×105 Da;由甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖三种单糖组成,摩尔比率为1.00:9.23:0.57;FMP3-1的主链由(1→4)-β-D-Glcp、(1→6)-β-D-Glcp和(1→6)-β-D-Manp组成,在(1→6)-β-D-Glcp和(1→6)-β-D-Manp的O-3位连有支链1-β-D-Glcp和1-β-D-Galp。免疫活性实验结果表明FMP3-1能促进巨噬细胞Raw264.7增殖与分泌NO,提高吞噬能力,具有很好的免疫活性,且免疫活性受支链结构影响较大。     

谷物可溶性(1→3)(1→4)-β-D-葡聚糖结构与生理活性的研究进展

谷物β-葡聚糖是β-D-吡喃型葡萄糖基单元通过(1→4)-β-键重复连接并被单一(1→3)-β-D-键分离而形成的一种线性同聚多糖,同时也是谷物水溶性膳食纤维的主要成分,主要存在于大麦、燕麦、青稞、小麦和黑麦中。谷物可溶性β-葡聚糖的生理效应与其独特的结构具有密切关系,本文注重于谷物β-葡聚糖的分子结构特征与其在胃肠道中的生理活性的关系,总结了谷物可溶性β-葡聚糖在降低胆固醇、餐后血糖指数与胰岛素水平上等生理活性的研究,探讨了谷物β-葡聚糖对肠道菌群与免疫作用的新机制。对几种β-葡聚糖生理活性机理的研究进行了描述:增加小肠黏度水平因此延缓胃排空、消化和分子吸收,包括葡萄糖、膳食胆固醇和胆汁酸;于小肠中与胆汁酸相结合降低胆汁酸重吸收,进而促进利用胆固醇的胆汁酸合成;降低餐后血糖指数与胰岛素水平改善胰岛素敏感性;于盲肠、结肠中发酵改善肠道健康。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status