菠萝叶纤维的无盐染色

用环氧氯丙烷对菠萝叶纤维进行处理后,再用硫脲进行改性,改性的优化工艺:硫脲30 g/L,氢氧化钠8 g/L,改性温度40℃,改性时间60 min,浴比1∶30。硫脲改性后,菠萝叶纤维的可染性明显提高,可以实现活性染料无盐染色,且匀染性和色牢度有所改善。     

棉织物活性染料低盐染色

对棉织物阳离子改性后再用活性染料进行染色。研究表明:采用优化的改性工艺(阳离子改性剂9.5 g/L,NaOH 5.0 g/L,浴比50∶1,80℃改性55 min)对棉织物进行处理后,再低盐染色[活性染料2%(omf),元明粉10 g/L,浴比50∶1,染色温度55℃,染色时间雅格素红60 min、雅格素黄和雅格素藏青50 min]染色,染料固着率高,可实现棉织物活性染料低盐染色。     

棉纤维阳离子改性及无盐染色研究

采用端环氧基季铵盐类改性剂对棉织物进行改性处理,考察了改性剂及Na OH用量、温度、时间等改性条件对棉纤维改性效果的影响。结果表明,棉纤维经20 g/L阳离子改性剂、10g/L Na OH在80℃浸渍处理50 min后获得了较好改性效果;活性染料染色时改性棉织物固色率和染色深度(K/S)提高,染料利用率增加;棉织物改性处理后纤维表面Zeta电位升高,验证了棉纤维与改性剂发生接枝反应。     

改性工艺对棉织物无盐抗紫外整理的影响

采用PECH-amine对棉织物进行阳离子化改性,然后用反应型紫外线吸收剂UV-SUN CEL LIQ对改性棉织物进行无盐抗紫外整理,探讨了改性剂和氢氧化钠用量、改性温度和时间对改性棉织物抗紫外线性能的影响,测试了整理织物的UPF指数、紫外线透过率和耐洗性能。结果表明:当改性剂PECH-amine 10g/L,氢氧化钠10g/L,改性温度90℃,保温时间60min时,改性后棉织物用UV-SUN CEL LIQ 3%(owf)抗紫外线整理的UPF指数可达到75左右,经过30次标准水洗之后,其UPF指数仍可保持在65以上。     

棉织物退煮漂和改性一浴工艺

采用自制改性剂对棉织物进行退煮漂和改性一浴加工,分析了氢氧化钠用量、硅酸钠用量、双氧水用量、温度、时间和改性剂用量对棉织物染色效果的影响.结果表明,优化的棉织物退煮漂和改性一浴工艺为:氢氧化钠20 g/L,硅酸钠3 g/L,30％双氧水24 mL/L,改性剂20 g/L,温度80℃,时间70 min.棉织物经退煮漂和改性一浴处理后,可实现活性染料无盐染色,其耐水洗色牢度及干摩擦色牢度优异,但湿摩擦色牢度有待进一步改进.     

阳离子改性棉织物的靛蓝染色

为提高靛蓝染料对纯棉织物的染色深度,采用自制阳离子改性剂ZS对棉织物进行改性,讨论了改性剂和氢氧化钠用量、改性温度、改性时间等因素对保险粉或二氧化硫脲还原体系中靛蓝染色性能的影响.试验得到棉织物改性工艺参数为改性剂ZS 4 g/L,NaOH 1.0 g/L,改性温度70℃,改性时间40 min.棉织物改性后靛蓝染色K/S值最高可达到19.3,而未改性棉织物的染色K/S值仅为12.2,且改性后染色织物的耐洗色牢度、耐摩擦色牢度良好.棉织物经改性后靛蓝染色只需浸染-氧化3次就能达到常规6次浸染-氧化的染色深度.     

壳聚糖改性棉织物的胭脂虫红染色

针对天然染料对棉织物上染率低和色牢度差的问题,先进行壳聚糖改性,再对棉织物进行阳离子改性,最后用胭脂虫红染色。通过单因素实验优化了壳聚糖改性剂对棉织物的改性工艺和胭脂虫红的染色工艺,结果显示,改性剂显著地改善了胭脂虫红在棉织物上的染色性能,通过多组实验得出的最佳改性工艺为:壳聚糖质量浓度20 g/L、柠檬酸质量浓度20 g/L、烘燥温度75℃;最佳染色工艺为:染色时间60 min、染色温度75℃。经过改性处理的棉织物染色后的K/S值提高到14以上,上染率可达到80%以上,色牢度可达到3级及以上。     

棉织物的阳离子改性及栀子蓝染色工艺北大核心

为提高天然色素栀子蓝在棉织物上的染色深度和染料利用率,利用含季铵基团的阳离子改性剂对棉织物进行改性。通过试验确定最佳的改性工艺,并对改性后棉织物的表面Zeta电位及形貌进行表征。利用天然染料栀子蓝对改性棉织物进行染色,探讨最佳染色工艺。研究结果表明:棉织物的最佳改性工艺为阳离子改性剂质量浓度5 g/L,NaOH质量浓度3 g/L;最佳染色工艺为染色温度80℃,保温时间60 min。改性棉织物的栀子蓝染色K/S值可达4.8,染料的上染率为54%。     

食用色素日落黄对棉织物的染色性能研究

在棉织物传统浸染工艺基础上,研究了食用色素日落黄对棉织物的染色情况;重点讨论了棉纤维的阳离子改性对染色效果的影响;分析了阳离子改性剂用量、NaOH用量、预处理温度及时间;染色时间、温度、pH值等因素对棉织物染色效果的影响.理想的改性工艺为:改性剂50 g/L,NaOH 15 g/L,40℃,40 min,浴比20:1;理想的染色工艺为:元明粉10 g/L,pH值8,60℃,40 min,浴比30:1;实验发现,阳离子改性对食用色素上染棉织物的得色量及各项牢度提高较大.     

阳离子醚化改性棉织物活性无盐染色

用3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHPTMA)对棉织物进行改性,再采用活性艳蓝KN-R和活性金黄B-4RFN进行染色.优化的预处理工艺为:CHPTMA 30g/L,NaOH 10 g/L,处理温度80℃,处理时间30 min.经检测,改性棉织物染色后的耐摩擦色牢度在4级以上,与常规加盐染色工艺相当.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.