Fructooligosaccharides as a fat replacer in fermented cooked sausages

Fermented cooked sausages with a 50% reduction in pork back fat and addition of 0%, 3%, 6% or 9% of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were produced and studied during manufacturing and storage. Their production was monitored by physicochemical (pH, water activity, weight loss, proximate composition, colour and texture profiles) and microbiological analysis (aerobic mesophiles, lactic acid bacteria, and total and faecal coliforms). During storage, it was evaluated the sensory properties, stability to lipid oxidation and microbiological safety. The final fat content of the control was 27.54%. F0, F3, F6 and F9 treatments had final fat contents of 17.63%, 17.55%, 17.91% and 17.59%, respectively, representing an approximately 40% reduction in the fat content. The simple reduction in pork back fat without fat substitute adversely affected the technological and sensory properties of the fermented cooked sausages, but the addition of FOS suppressed the defects caused by the fat reduction. The content of FOS did not changed during storage, indicating that this functional prebiotic compound can be used for developing of reduced fat fermented meat products.     

玫瑰花提取液对发酵香肠品质的影响

为探究发酵香肠制作过程中玫瑰花提取液(玫瑰液)部分取代亚硝酸盐的可行性,按照半干发酵香肠的加工工艺制备5组发酵香肠:添加10％玫瑰液组(T1)、添加80 mg/kg NaNO2组(T2)、10％玫瑰液+80 mg/kg NaNO2组(T3)、150 mg/kg NaNO2组(PC)、空白对照组(NC),将5组发酵香肠冷...     

不同菌种组合对发酵广式香肠品质的影响

广式腊肠为我国传统特色肉制品,深受广大消费者的喜爱。随着对我国传统肉制品品质、安全性和现代加工技术的重视,对广式腊肠的研究逐渐增多,但对发酵剂用于广式香肠的研究相对较少。本文以植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、汉逊德巴利酵母为发酵剂制作发酵广式香肠,研究了不同发酵剂组合对发酵广式香肠理化性质的影响,结果表明不同比例组合发酵剂对发酵广式香肠品质影响不同,当菌种的接种量为106 cfu/g肉时,由植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌组合的发酵剂(2:1,V/V)时,发酵的香肠品质最佳,其水分含量为19.93%,pH值为5.95,总酸含量为35.6 g/kg,酸价为3.38 mg/g,过氧化值为0.059 g/100 g,亚硝酸盐残留量为4.46 mg/kg,弹性为0.93,硬度为9498.86 N,粘聚性为0.79,咀嚼性为6917.93 N,L*值为50.86,a*值为6.66,b*为3.87。采用复合菌剂生产的肉制品的理化特性明显优于自然发酵的肉制品。     

Effect of Curing Agents on the Oxidative and Nitrosative Damage to Meat Proteins during Processing of Fermented Sausages

The effect of increasing concentrations of curing agents, ascorbate (0, 250, and 500 ppm), and nitrite (0, 75, and 150 ppm), on the oxidative and nitrosative damage to proteins during processing of fermented sausages was studied. The potential influence of these reactions on color and texture of the fermented sausages was also addressed. Nitrite had a pro‐oxidant effect on tryptophan depletion and promoted the formation of protein carbonyls and Schiff bases. The nitration degree in the fermented sausages was also dependent on nitrite concentration. On the other hand, ascorbate acted as an efficient inhibitor of the oxidative and nitrosative damage to meat proteins. As expected, nitrite clearly favored the formation of the cured red color and ascorbate acted as an enhancer of color formation. Nitrite content was positively correlated with hardness. The chemistry behind the action of nitrite and ascorbate on muscle proteins during meat fermentation is thoroughly discussed. The results suggest that ascorbate (500 ppm) may be required to compensate the pro‐oxidant impact of nitrite on meat proteins.     

Study of the shelf life of a dry fermented sausage "salchichon" made from raw material enriched in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and stored under modified atmospheres

The microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory properties of salchichon with high unsaturated fat content, packed under vacuum and 20/80% CO(2)/N(2) modified atmosphere, were evaluated to determine its quality changes during storage under refrigeration. These sausages were manufactured with pork meat and pork backfat obtained from pigs fed with three different diets (control diet-CO, high oleic diet-HO and high linoleic diet-HL). In general, few significant differences were found in counts of different groups of microorganism between the three types of sausages and no difference between the packaging methods. A reduction in pH values was observed during storage and no great differences were determined by storage period on water activity (a(w)). Both parameters (pH and a(w)) presented similar results to those found in different Spanish sausages and other European dry fermented products. The sensory results denoted that sensory quality gradually decreased during storage under both packaging conditions (vacuum and 20/80% CO(2)/N(2)), so it is not advisable to store longer than 150days. On the other hand, fermented sausages with high content of unsaturated fatty acids had similar sensory properties to those of conventional sausages, and even a comparable sensory stability. In conclusion, the results showed healthier salchichons (HO and HL) similar to the traditional (CO) one could be manufactured and stored under refrigeration after slicing for a reasonable period, but the advantage of the gas mixture packaging (20/80% CO(2)/N(2)) versus vacuum packaging was not clear.     

Effect of E-beam treatment on the bioaccessibility of folic acid incorporated to ready to eat meat products

Meat products are a potential matrix to fortify with folic acid (FA). In previous studies the effect of E-beam treatment on the stability of FA in ready to eat (RTE) meat products has been described. However, the FA bioaccessibility in both traditional and treated (3 kGy) RTE meat products has not yet been studied. We investigated the availability for intestinal absorption (bioaccessibility) of FA using a dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM system). Three different types of meat products, hamburgers, cooked sausages and dry fermented sausages, initially fortified with 24 μg/g FA were tested as freshly prepared products and as RTE products. The bioaccessibility of FA during the passage through the TIM system was high for all three products, irrespective the E-beam treatment. From hamburgers the bioaccessibility was 82% and 100%, from cooked sausages, 61 and 79% and from dry fermented sausages 81 and 82%, with or without e-beam treatment, respectively.     

Application of nontraditional meat starter cultures in production of Hungarian salami

Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O111 have been implicated in several outbreaks of food-borne disease linked to smallgoods products. Traditional meat starter cultures, containing a mixture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and staphylococci, are used to maintain safety and sensory properties of Hungarian salami. The present study investigated if nontraditional meat starter (NTMS) cultures can be used for improving the safety of Hungarian salami. Salami batter was inoculated with List. monocytogenes and E. coli and subsequently fermented with NTMS cultures and a commercially available meat starter. A total of 15 NTMS cultures were tested. The salami was monitored for levels of pathogen, LAB and pH. When used in conjunction with the commercial meat starter, 9 NTMS cultures reduced the E. coli O111 count by more than 2.5 log units, whereas 10 of the NTMS cultures reduced List. monocytogenes by more than 2.5 log units. The commercial meat starter alone reduced E. coli and List. monocytogenes by 1.2 and 1.3 log units, respectively. Some NTMS cultures reduced the pathogen count without affecting pH of the salami batter. All NTMS cultures survived in salami throughout fermentation and maturation. It was concluded that NTMS cultures, including Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10, L. paracasei LAFTI L26, L. paracasei 5119, Lactobacillus sp. L24 and Bifidobacterium lactis LAFTI B94, may be used to increase the safety of Hungarian salami because these cultures gave strong inhibition of both E. coli O111 and List. monocytogenes.     

Reduction of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in production of fermented sausages

After a number of foodborne outbreaks of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli involving fermented sausages, some countries have imposed regulations on sausage production. For example, the US Food Safety and Inspection Service requires a 5 log(10) reduction of E. coli in fermented products. Such regulations have led to a number of studies on the inactivation of E. coli in fermented sausages by changing processing and post-processing conditions. Several factors influence the survival of E. coli such as pre-treatment of the meat, amount of NaCl, nitrite and lactic acid, water activity, pH, choice of starter cultures and addition of antimicrobial compounds. Also process variables like fermentation temperature and storage time play important roles. Though a large variety of different production processes of sausages exist, generally the reduction of E. coli caused by production is in the range 1-2 log(10). In many cases this may not be enough to ensure microbial food safety. By optimising ingredients and process parameters it is possible to increase E. coli reduction to some extent, but in some cases still other post process treatments may be required. Such treatments may be storage at ambient temperatures, specific heat treatments, high pressure processing or irradiation. HACCP analyses have identified the quality of the raw materials, low temperature in the batter when preparing the sausages and a rapid pH drop during fermentation as critical control points in sausage production. This review summarises the literature on the reduction verotoxigenic E. coli in production of fermented sausages.     

商业发酵剂对发酵香肠成熟过程中理化性质的影响

采用SBM-52、SHI-59、VBM-60复合型商业发酵剂生产发酵香肠,以不添加发酵剂作为对照组,在成熟第0、1、4、7、10天检测4 组香肠的pH值、非蛋白氮（non-protein nitrogen,NPN）含量、酸价、亚硝酸盐含量、水分活度（water activity,aw）、色差等理化指标的变化,考察不同商业发酵剂对发酵香肠成熟过程中理化品质的影响。结果表明：成熟终点时,4 组发酵香肠的pH值均小于5.0,亚硝酸盐含量低于30 mg/kg,充分保证了发酵香肠的安全性;NPN含量、aw和失重率的测定结果表明,添加3 种商业发酵剂均有助于发酵香肠中蛋白质的分解,加快成熟进程;SBM-52和VBM-60组香肠的酸价低于对照组,表明SBM-52和VBM-60具有较好的抑制脂肪氧化的作用。     

复合发酵剂和天然香辛料对羊肉发酵香肠品质特性的影响

通过接种复合发酵剂和添加天然香辛料,采用相同的工艺条件生产4组羊肉发酵香肠,1组为对照组,2组为接种发酵剂组,3组为发酵剂+黑胡椒组,4组为发酵剂+黑胡椒+孜然组。分别测定4个组羊肉发酵香肠在发酵成熟和贮藏过程中pH值、Aw值、水分含量及微生物的变化。结果表明:在发酵结束(即第1.5天)时,试验组和对照组的pH值、Aw值和水分含量均呈下降趋势,试验组的pH值迅速降到最低值(即5.0以下),与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);在干燥成熟过程中,试验组的pH值、Aw值和水分含量迅速下降,添加香辛料组的pH值迅速回升,同时乳酸菌数维持在108cfu/g以上水平,高于对照组,细菌总数却低于对照组;在贮藏过程中,试验组的pH值和水分含量基本保持不变,且均低于对照组,而Aw值始终呈下降趋势,细菌总数小于对照组。上述结果表明,接种复合发酵剂和添加天然香辛料能迅速降低pH值、Aw值和水分含量,有效抑制腐败菌和致病菌的生长,提高羊肉发酵香肠的品质和保藏性。     

Ohmic Cooking of Processed Meats and its Effects on Product Quality

ABSTRACT: A basic bologna emulsion (lean and fatty pork meat, sodium chloride, sodium erythorbate, and sodium nitrite) was cooked in 1-kg portions, either in a smokehouse (180-min cycle; to 70 °C at core) or by ohmic heating (64 to 103 V; 3.9 °C/min to 10.3 °C/min; to 70 °C to 80 °C), and the finished products were compared for color, texture, pH, drip, Eh, and rancidity. Heating rates, final temperatures, and a 20-min holding time had little influence on the quality of ohmic sausages. In addition, ohmic sausages were always found to be similar to smokehouse products except for texture, which was significantly softer (P > 0.05) in ohmic products but could be hardened by use of binders.     

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CASINGS ON SALAMI PRODUCED WITH MEAT FROM BUFFALO AND PODOLIAN CATTLE

ABSTRACT

The effect of different casings on the quality of new types of salami from buffalo and Podolian young bull meat was investigated. To this aim, three casings were used: a natural casing (NC), a modified natural casing (MNC) and a synthetic casing (SC). Their effects on processed meat were analyzed by evaluating salami quality at the end of the ripening time. Nutritional properties, microbial loads, pH, color parameters, texture and sensory properties were assessed. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the casings were measured. Results highlighted that both meat were suitable to produce salami; better results in terms of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were recorded with Podolian meat. The NC and the SC exerted similar mechanical properties, very different from those of the MNC. The superior properties of the NC in terms of texture and color characteristics conferred to the fermented sausages could allow suggesting this casing as the most recommended solution to package unusual salami.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The increasing consumer interest in products with high energetic and nutritional value, authentic, tasty, rich in protein and low in lipid and cholesterol content gives rise to promote consumption of alternative meat to pork. Therefore, the influence of different casings on salami produced by boneless buffalo and young bull could be of crucial importance for industry that cares about consumer satisfaction.     

Effects of pH adjustment with phosphates on attributes and functionalities of normal and high pH beef

Longissimus dorsi muscles from six normal- and six high-ultimate pH bulls were selected for fine mincing and subsequent pH adjustment with acid and alkaline pyrophosphate. Four pH treatments were prepared: initially high remains high (mean of pH 6.37), high becomes normal (5.62); initially normal remains normal (5.65), and normal becomes high (6.21). The addition level of phosphate as P(2)O(5) was the same in all replicates. Before pH adjustment, colour and water holding capacity (WHC) values were strongly affected by higher (initial) pH in expected ways: darker, lower chroma, higher capacity. After pH adjustment, these values were affected only by the final pH, not the initial pH (the pH history). Total protein solubility was likewise affected by final pH but not initial pH. In contrast, the combination high initial pH-high final pH improved sarcoplasmic protein solubility by 20% over the combination normal initial pH-high final pH. Sarcoplasmic protein solubility is an indicator of strain required to fracture cooked batters made from the minced meats; in the event, the rank order of the four treatments for strain-to-fracture matched that of sarcoplasmic protein solubility. Statistically, sarcoplasmic protein solubility and strain-to-fracture were both affected by initial pH (P<0.01) and final pH (P<0.001). However, stress required to fracture cooked batters was entirely controlled by initial pH (P<0.01). In other words, the stress-to-fracture advantage of initially high pH meat was not matched by upward pH adjustment of initially normal pH meat. Emulsion stability, which is better with higher pH meat, was affected by initial and final pH (both P<0.01). Cook yield, like WHC of pH-adjusted raw meat, was more due to final pH than initial pH, similarly cooked batter colour, whereas final pH had a significant effect on quality attributes (generally better when higher). An initially high pH history conferred an enduring advantage on three important batter attributes, stress-to-fracture, strain-to-fracture, and emulsion stability. Therefore, prior exposure of beef to normal pH conditions (pH 5.4-5.7) renders it less useful as a manufacturing grade product.     

肉用发酵菌株的筛选及其在低盐发酵香肠中的应用

该研究以蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性和抑菌活性筛选肉用发酵菌株,通过分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并将其应用于低盐发酵香肠中,通过感官、理化及微生物指标分析评价其应用效果。结果表明,筛选鉴定得到两株适用于肉类发酵、安全且具有蛋白酶及抑菌活性的菌株,分别为植物乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus plantarum）BR-12和木糖葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus xylose）H-1,其中菌株BR-12还具有脂肪酶活性,两菌株间无拮抗作用。菌株BR-12与H-1按2∶1和1∶5的比例接种制备的低盐发酵香肠pH下降迅速,肠杆菌数与挥发性盐基氮含量较低,感官评分较高,硬度适中,弹性好,呈特有的玫瑰红色,且两菌株接种比例为2:1时,品质更好,说明菌株BR-12和H-1复配发酵有利于提高产品安全性,改善低盐发酵香肠滋气味,可用于低盐香肠发酵。     

不同原料肉对发酵香肠食用品质的影响

选取3种冷鲜肉(黑土猪肉、阳光猪肉、三元猪肉),采用商业发酵剂(木糖葡萄球菌+戊糖片球菌)接种发酵的方式制备符合中国消费者口味的切片即食型发酵香肠,分析不同原料肉对发酵香肠理化特征、风味及感官特性的影响.结果表明:3种原料肉制备的发酵香肠总体可接受度良好,光泽度高、色泽暗红(红度值8.62～9.85)、组织紧密、pH?...     

Stability of phenolic compounds in dry fermented sausages added with cocoa and grape seed extracts

The level of eleven target phenolic compounds was evaluated in dry fermented sausages added with vegetable extracts. Grape seed (GSE1 and GSE2) and cocoa extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, were added in the formulation of dry fermented sausages (“salchichón” and “fuet”). Evolution of the major monomeric and oligomeric phenolic compounds of these extracts was evaluated during sausage shelf life by UHPLC-MS/MS. Kind of sausage did not affect significantly overall stability of the target compounds. At the end of the ageing process, catechin and epicatechin were at 54–61%, gallic acid and galloylated flavan-3-ols at 59–91%, oligomeric flavan-3-ols at 72–95% and glycosylated flavonols at 56–88% (in cocoa treatment) and 82–94% (in GSE treatment) of the contents that were added to the meat batter. All phenolic compounds levels did not decrease further significantly after ageing until the end of shelf life. Sensory analyses showed no important differences between control and cocoa added products, while grape seed addition gave these products abnormal sensory profiles. The 0.5% (w/w) addition of vegetal extracts was suitable to enrich dry fermented sausages with health-beneficial polyphenols.     

Utilization of black gram flour in beef sausages

British fresh beef skinless sausages were prepared in which 30% of the meat, on a protein to protein basis, was replaced by black gram flour. The raw substituted sausages had higher TBA values, were paler in colour and less acceptable than the controls but the general acceptability of the cooked sausages was not affected by the presence of the flour. During storage the substituted sausages discoloured more rapidly than the controls and, in addition, microbial growth became evident sooner. However, moist heat treatment of the flour prior to incorporation in the batter eliminated all these defects so that both the raw and cooked products were as acceptable as the controls. In all sausages, incorporation of black gram flour led to increased cooking losses and softer textures.     

Effect of reducing and replacing pork fat on the physicochemical,instrumental and sensory characteristics throughout storage time of small caliber non-acid fermented sausages with reduced sodium content

The effect of pork fat reduction (from 44% to 20% final fat content) and its partial substitution by sunflower oil (3% addition) on the physicochemical, instrumental and sensory properties throughout storage time of small caliber non-acid fermented sausages (fuet type) with reduced sodium content (with partial substitution of NaCl by KCl and K-lactate) and without direct addition of nitrate and nitrite (natural nitrate source used instead) was studied. Results showed that sausages with reduced fat (10% initial fat content) and with acceptable sensory characteristics can be obtained by adding to the shoulder lean (8% fat content) during the grinding, either 3.3% backfat (3% fat content) or 3% sunflower oil, both previously finely comminuted with lean. Furthermore, sunflower oil showed to be suitable for partial pork backfat substitution in very lean fermented sausages, conferring desirable sensory properties similar to those of sausages with standard fat content. The sensory quality of the sausages was maintained after three-month cold storage in modified atmosphere.