高梁红色素萃取方法的研究

用索氏萃取法、微波萃取法、超声波萃取法三种方法对比研究了影响提取高粱红色素的各种因素：即溶液的酸碱性、提取温度、时间、功率、液固比。实验结果表明：索氏萃取法的最佳条件为70％体积分数、pH3左右的酸性乙醇，萃取温度75℃，液固比100：1（ml／g），萃取时间240min：微波萃取法溶剂的最佳条件为体积分数70％乙醇，pH2，液固比45：1（ml／g），功率720W，萃取时间1．5min。超声波萃取法的最佳条件为提取温度65℃，功率80W，液固比45：1（ml／g），时间60min。索氏萃取法、微波萃取法、超声波萃取法高粱红色素的产率分别为16．5％、15．03％和13．38％。虽索氏萃取法产率略高于微波萃取法，但综合考虑能耗、萃取时间及操作流程，微波法有省时、快速、节能和节省溶剂等优点。     

决北红枣中总黄酮的提取及含量比较

采用硝酸铝比色法对陕北红枣中总黄酮进行了提取方法的选择和不同产地总黄酮含量比较，应用正交试验设计对实验条件进行了选择。结果表明：①超声波提取法〉索氏提取法〉碱提酸沉法；②超声波提取法以60％乙醇为溶剂，固液比1：30，70℃下，提取30min，两级提取，即可达到最佳提取效果；③上述提取方案下，不同产地及品种总黄酮含量差别较大，总黄酮的含量在297．2～764．6mg／100g之间。     

香椿叶总黄酮的超声波辅助提取及其清除DPPH自由基能力的研究

研究运用超声波辅助提取香椿叶中总黄酮的工艺条件和提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力。在单因素试验的基础上，用正交试验法对香椿叶的超声波辅助提取工艺进行优选，选用L16（4^5）进行正交试验；以黄酮提取量为主，提取物以黄酮计的清除DPPH的IC50值为次参考指标；考察乙醇浓度、固液比、超声提取时间、提取温度、提取次数对香椿叶总黄酮提取量的影响。最佳工艺条件为：25g原料，以料液比1：10加入70％的乙醇溶液，50℃下每次超声提取60min，提取4次。在此条件下，每克香椿叶可提取总黄酮22．2134mg，提取物以黄酮计的清除DPPH的IC50值为19．1327。     

高效液相色谱法测定固体食品中安赛蜜

采用超声波提取固体食品中安赛蜜，用紫外检测器（VWD）检测其含量。该方法检出限为0．0003g／kg，加标回收率为97％-98．5％。     

微波辅助提取甘蔗糖分的工艺研究

以蔗糖提取量为考察指标，采用单因素分组试验和正交优化试验考察微波辅助法提取蔗糖的工艺条件。微波辅助提取法的最佳工艺条件为：微波输出功率80％，提取时间15min，水料比3：1（V：W），pH值7．2，提取1次；提取量为24．946g。与常规热水提取法相比，微波辅助提取法具有高效、节能、省时的特点。     

超声波法提取苜蓿异黄酮最适条件的研究

以肇东苜蓿为材料,借助超声波法提取紫花苜蓿叶中的异黄酮。采用单因子及正交试验,对提取剂的种类、乙醇浓度、超声波时间及固液比对苜蓿异黄酮提取量的影响进行研究。结果表明,苜蓿叶异黄酮提取的最佳方法：固液比为1：40（g／mL）;乙醇浓度70％;超声波提取时间5min,在最佳参数组合下苜蓿叶中异黄酮的最大提取量为5．349mg／g。     

桑黄(Phellinus linteus)水溶多糖提取技术研究

采用超声波＋复合酶法预处理对Phellinus linteus子实体水溶多糖进行提取，并对提取多糖成分差异进行初步分析。采用超声波技术预处理桑黄子实体，利用正交实验研究了料液比、时间、功率各因素对桑黄多糖得率的影响；在超声波优化结果基础上，进行纤维素酶＋木瓜蛋白酶法处理，研究了纤维素酶用量、处理时间、木瓜蛋白酶用量、处理时间各因素对多糖得率的影响。研究表明：在料液比1：20、超声波（400W、20min）和纤维素酶（0．8％、pH5．5、45℃、60min）、木瓜蛋白酶（2％、pH5．5、50℃、120min）双重预处理条件下，再进行多糖提取，多糖得率最高。研究表明采用超声波＋复合酶法预处理方法提取多糖，与传统的热水提取法相比，极大提高了提取效率，为Phellinus linteus多糖的产业化打下了基础。     

超声波辅助提取松针多糖的工艺研究

采用超声波辅助提取法,对提职松针多糖的工艺条件进行研究。以水为提取溶剂,通过单因素试验研究5个因素：提取温度、超声功率、提取时间、料液比以及提取次数对松针多糖得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对超声波辅助提取松针多糖的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,最佳条件为：提取温度79℃,超声波功率400W,提取时间30min,料液比1：30（g／mL）。在此最佳工艺条件下提取1次,松针多糖得率为4．15％。     

南瓜多糖提取方法比较

通过比较水浸提法、有机溶剂沉淀法以及超声波提取法，确定南瓜多糖最佳提取方法为超声波法。进一步通过对超声波提取南瓜多糖工艺条件进行单因素和正交试验分析，得出最佳工艺参数：超声波功率400W，料液比（g／mL）1：4，作用时间28min，提取温度60℃。     

南瓜多糖超声波提取条件的优化

用单因素分析和正交试验研究了南瓜多糖的超声波提取，确定的优化条件为：提取时间10min，料液比（g：mL）1：25，提取温度60℃，超声波功率80w，样品中南瓜多糖提取量为42．6mg／g。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status