复合酶法提取石榴皮多糖的工艺研究

对复合酶(纤维素酶、果胶酶和木瓜蛋白酶)提取石榴皮多糖的工艺条件进行研究。以陕西临潼石榴皮为材料,运用正交试验法确定了复合酶的最佳加入量配比。比较了酶解时间、温度、pH以及液料比对多糖得率的影响,通过正交试验确定了最佳酶法提取条件。结果表明复合酶的最佳加入量配比为:纤维素酶120 U/g,果胶酶150 U/g,木瓜蛋白酶90 U/g;提取因素对多糖得率的影响大小为:pH温度时间料液比;最佳酶解提取条件为:浸提时间为120 min、温度为53℃、浸提液pH为4.6、料液比为1:55 g/m L。此条件下石榴皮多糖得率为6.01%。此法可使石榴皮多糖得率比传统水提法提高2倍,是一种提取效率高、温和的多糖提取方法。     

超声波辅助复合酶法提取松茸多糖的工艺研究

以松茸多糖得率为评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳提取工艺参数。结果表明,超声波提取优化工艺条件为超声温度90 ℃,料液比1∶15（g∶mL）,超声时间10 min。在此最佳超声提取条件下松茸多糖得率为11.18%。在超声波优化结果的基础上,进行复合酶处理,最佳酶解工艺参数为酶解温度50 ℃,酶解时间60 min,复合酶（木瓜蛋白酶∶纤维素酶∶果胶酶为1∶1∶1）添加量4.0%,酶解pH值6.0,此优化条件下松茸多糖得率为19.56%。复合酶超声辅助法比超声波法提取松茸多糖提高了8.38%。结果表明,复合酶超声辅助提取法提取松茸多糖是一种科学有效的方法,可显著提高松茸多糖得率。     

复合酶法提取鸡腿菇多糖的工艺优化

为优化鸡腿菇多糖的提取工艺,采用木瓜蛋白酶与纤维素酶复合处理,通过单因素试验研究了液料比、复合酶添加量、木瓜蛋白酶与纤维素酶质量比、酶解温度、pH值和提取时间对鸡腿菇多糖得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计,建立了具有较好预测性能的鸡腿菇多糖提取条件的回归模型,获得了复合酶法提取鸡腿菇多糖的最佳工艺,即酶解温度51.4℃、酶解pH值5.2、木瓜蛋白酶与纤维素酶质量比0.86,在此条件下鸡腿菇多糖得率可达6.42%。     

超声波复合酶法提取桑黄多糖研究

采用单因子分析和正交试验,以桑黄菌丝体提取物中多糖得率为指标,对超声波复合酶法中影响多糖提取效果的主要因素进行研究。结果表明：超声波提取优化工艺条件为超声处理时间20min、料液比1:25(g/mL)、功率500W,在此基础上提取多糖得率为3.356%,在超声波优化结果基础上,进一步进行复合酶法处理,酶解最佳提取条件是pH6.5,酶解温度50℃,纤维素酶添加量2.5%、果胶酶添加量2.5%、蛋白酶添加量1%,酶解时间120min,多糖得率为6.619%,由此可见,超声波和复合酶法双重处理提取桑黄多糖是一种有效的提取方法,适合大规模生产运用。     

半枝莲多糖提取工艺优化

以半枝莲为原料,多糖得率为技术指标,研究超声波协同复合酶法提取半枝莲多糖的工艺,分别对pH、酶量、料液比、超声时间、酶解温度进行单因素试验,然后进行正交试验优化.试验确定的最佳工艺条件为pH 4.5、复合酶用量0.025 g、料液比1∶60(m∶V)、超声时间15 min、酶解温度50℃,该条件下多糖得率为2.166％.用超声波协同复合酶法提取半枝莲多糖具有得率高、省时、有效成分破坏少及提取结果稳定等特点.     

超声波辅助复合酶提椪取柑皮果胶的工艺优化

对超声波辅助复合酶法提取椪柑皮果胶工艺进行了优化研究。分析了不同预处理方法对果胶得率的影响;在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken Design响应面优化得到最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶20(g/mL)、超声波功率187.5W、超声时间65.3min、复合酶用量(m半纤维素酶∶m纤维素酶=1∶1)5.6mg、pH4.82、温度41.8℃。在此条件下验证果胶得率为11.93%,说明优化工艺大大提高了果胶得率;所建模型能够较好地预测果胶得率;与单纯酶法相比,该工艺处理时间缩短了4~5h。     

超声辅助复合酶法提取桑黄多糖

探索超声辅助复合酶法提取桑黄多糖的最佳工艺。以多糖提取收率为指标,对超声时间、复合酶用量、作用时间、酶解温度及pH进行单因素试验研究。结果表明:超声辅助复合酶法提取桑黄多糖的最佳条件为超声时间300s、固定pH 4.0,应用2.0%的木瓜蛋白酶、果胶酶和纤维素酶50℃酶解90min后,多糖得率可达1.46%。该提取工艺多糖提取收率高,可应用于实际生产。     

响应面法优化复合酶辅助超声波提取柚子皮总黄酮工艺

本研究以马家柚柚子皮为研究对象,采用复合酶法辅助超声波法优化了柚子皮中总黄酮的提取工艺。首先研究复合酶(纤维素酶:果胶酶)的配比、复合酶的用量、pH、料液比、酶解温度、酶解时间、超声功率和超声时间共8个要素因子对柚子皮中总黄酮得率的影响。在此基础上,先选用Plackett-Burnman试验设计确定了具有显著性影响的因子为:复合酶的用量、酶解温度、超声功率和超声时间,再选用Box-Behnken试验设计优化了柚子皮中的总黄酮提取条件。结果表明,酶法辅助超声波法提取柚子皮中总黄酮的提取条件为:复合酶的配比(纤维素酶:果胶酶)为3:2、复合酶的用量1.70%、pH4.5、料液比1:20 g/mL、酶解温度55.0℃、酶解时间60 min、超声功率183.00 W、超声时间41.00 min,在此条件下柚子皮中总黄酮得率为2.19%。     

竹荪多糖提取方法的比较研究

以竹荪为原料,采用正交实验对超声复合酶法提取竹荪多糖工艺进行优化,并与热水提取法、超声波法、纤维素酶法、果胶酶法、木瓜蛋白酶法、复合酶法进行比较,结果表明,超声复合酶法提取竹荪多糖的最佳条件是科液比1∶50,酶解时间60min,酶解pH6,超声时间40min,多糖提取率为16.35％,而热水提取法多糖提取率为9.77％,超声波法为6.64％,纤维素酶法为8.84％,果胶酶法为10.06％,木瓜蛋白酶法为10.35％,复合酶法为11.27％,均低于超声复合酶法.故超声复合酶法提取竹荪多糖的提取率最高,所需时间较热水提取法大为减少,是7种方法中最好的提取方法.     

超声波协同复合酶法提取南瓜多糖工艺优化

利用超声波协同复合酶法以南瓜为材料提取多糖,将超声波提取与复合酶法提取两种独立的提取方法进行协同作用,结果如下：在酶解的同时辅助超声波提取为最佳协同方式;适宜酶的比例分别为果胶酶42U/g、木瓜蛋白酶200U/g、纤维素酶40U/g;响应面法优化超声波协同复合酶法提取南瓜多糖最佳工艺技术参数为温度51.5℃、功率440W、液料比7:1(mL/g)、pH4.4,在此条件下,南瓜多糖的得率为4.39%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.