贮运温度对包装鲜草鱼肉TVB-N的动态变化影响研究

采用高、低两种阻隔包装材料及真空、普通两种包装方式包装鲜鱼肉,研究了在不同的贮存温度下,包装鲜草鱼肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的增加量随存放时间的变化规律及数学关系式。结果表明,不同贮存温度下,包装鲜草鱼肉的TVB-N增加量(Y)与贮存时间(t)符合Y=A·tB关系式,其中系数A、B与包装方式和贮存温度有关,且与温度T符合A=c+f·EXP(T/g),B=a+b·EXP(lnQT/d)关系式,系数c、f、a、b均与温度和包装方式有关,系数g只与包装方式有关,系数d与贮存温度和包装材料的透氧量有关。     

光照对包装鲜鱼肉品质动态变化的影响

以高阻隔材料A和低阻隔材料B两种包装材料,采用真空包装和普通包装两种包装方式包装鲜鱼肉,贮藏在20℃条件下,研究光照对包装鲜鱼肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、TBA以及pH的影响。结果表明:包装鲜鱼肉的TVB-N值、TBA值均随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,TVB-N值在贮藏前期变化速度比后期小,光照对其影响也较小,而TBA值的变化却前期快后期慢,光照影响较大,即光可以提高TBA值增加速度,光照条件下贮存的包装鲜鱼肉pH增加量均稍微高于避光贮存。     

包装鲜鱼块形状对其品质的影响

以新鲜宰杀的草鱼为原料,采用普通包装的方式进行包装,并分别于8℃和20℃条件下贮藏,研究不同贮藏温度下,鲜鱼块的比表面积对其挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)的影响。结果表明,不同温度下,鲜鱼块的比表面积越大,TVB-N值和TBA值的增量随贮藏时间的增速越大。8℃和20℃贮藏条件下,包装鲜鱼块的TVB-N值的增量与贮藏时间及比表面积分别符合方程Y8=(0.00385+0.00000356)·S·t1.525和Y20=(0.00795+0.0000294·S)·t2.06。     

虾蛄冷藏条件的研究

鲜虾蛄包装条件分别为:充氮包装、抽真空包装和普通包装.在-25℃下冷冻8h,然后分别在-5、-10、-15、-20、- 25℃等温度条件下贮存,并在不同的贮存时间对虾蛄的感官指标评价、K值和TVB-N(挥发性盐基氮)值进行测定.结果表明虾蛄的K值与TVB-N值有较好的相关性.当虾蛄的K值在20%以下,TVB-N 值在30mg/100g以下时,其感官指标在C级以上.在-20℃和-25℃条件下贮存的虾蛄不论是感官指标还是化学指标均无明显的区别.真空和充氮包装使K值与TVB-N值增加的速度放缓,可以延长保鲜时间.     

渤海养殖虾冷藏条件

鲜虾在-25℃下冻结,然后分别在-5、-10、-15、-20、-25℃等温度条件下贮存,并在不同的贮存时间对虾的感官指标评价、K值和TVB-N(挥发性盐基氮)值进行测定.结果表明,贮藏温度是影响虾的质量的关键因素,-20℃为比较理想的贮藏温度.K值与TVB-N值有较好的相关性,K值可以作为虾的鲜度评价的辅助指标.包装条件对虾的保鲜效果也会产生影响,当进行真空包装时,感官指标好于普通包装的,并且TVB-N值增加的速度放缓,可以延长虾的保鲜时间.     

四种不同气调包装的冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的理化及感官变化

冷却猪肉分别采取真空包装、CO-MAP(CO+CO2+N2)包装、高氧-MAP(高浓度O2+CO2+N2)和低氧-MAP(低浓度O2+CO2+N2)包装后,在(4±1℃)贮存三周,每周测定各项理化指标(TVB-N和TBARS),并进行感官评定。结果表明:1)采用CO-MAP包装的冷却猪肉在贮存过程中不仅TVB-N和TBARS较低,而且红色稳定无任何异味。2)真空包装组的冷却猪肉在贮存期间TVB-N和TBARS也较低,在贮存末期呈淡紫色有轻微异味。3)含氧气调包装中,冷却猪肉的TVB-N值和TBARS值相对较高,特别是脂肪氧化加速,鲜红色泽1周后很快变为褐色,并有不良气味产生,所以含氧包装仅适合保质期在1周以内的冷却猪肉。     

包装鲜鱼肉贮藏过程中品质指标变化过程的研究

本研究以新鲜宰杀的草鱼为原料,采用真空包装和普通包装的方式进行包装,在20℃条件下贮藏24小时后,研究贮藏过程中鲜鱼肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)变化量与鱼肉比表面积的变化关系,以及包装鱼肉块从外层至中心TVB-N值和TBA值的变化规律。结果表明,真空包装和普通包装下,包装鲜鱼肉中TVB-N和TVB增加量均随比表面积增加而增加,且从外层至中心TVB-N和TBA增加量成直线下降。鱼肉比表面积越大腐败程度越深,腐败是由鱼肉的外层逐渐延伸到内层,且普通包装比真空包装的变化速率大。     

切片火腿色泽稳定性的影响因素研究

以牛肉切片火腿为材料,研究了包装材料的透氧率(OTR)、混合磷酸盐水平(Phos)、蒸煮温度(CT)和光照强度(Ill)对其色泽稳定性的影响。结果表明:包装材料的OTR是切片火腿表观色泽稳定性的主要影响因素,随着OTR的增加,切片火腿红色度a*显著下降。包装膜OTR为0.5cm3/m2/24h/atm时,切片火腿的表观色泽相对比较稳定。肉品加工中添加3000mg/kg的Phos,会显著影响切片火腿的色泽稳定性。切片火腿加工的CT直接影响其初始红度值,中心温度85℃会促使色素降解,从而显著降低a*值。1200lx范围内,不同光照强度对红度a*的变化影响不显著,而显著影响黄色度b*。     

包装方式对鲜鱼肉品质的影响

以新鲜宰杀的草鱼为原料,采用高阻隔性材料A和低阻隔性材料B 2种包装材料分别进行普通包装、真空包装和不同比例CO2、O2混合气体充气包装,研究了包装工艺对包装鲜鱼肉在贮藏过程中品质的影响。结果表明:不同包装方式对贮藏期间鲜鱼肉品质变化的影响显著,在充气包装中,O2含量越高,TVB-N值的增速越大。采用高阻隔性材料包装鲜鱼肉,其TVB-N值的增速为80%O2+20%CO2包装>普通包装>50%O2+50%CO2包装>真空包装,而采用低阻隔性材料包装其TVB-N值的增速却为普通包装>80%O2+20%CO2包装>真空包装;鲜鱼TBA增加量随贮藏时间呈逐渐上升,其变化速度基本随着包装中氧气含量的增加而增加。     

典型软包材透氧率对乳饮料脂氧化的影响

选用四种典型的软包装材料对核桃乳进行包装,经过贮藏实验,采用硫代巴比妥酸方法测试脂氧化程度,考察不同包装材料透氧率对乳脂氧化的影响特性,脂氧化的反应动力学符合一级反应.在常温无光环境下,不同包装材料透氧率对脂氧化程度的影响在储存初期表现不明显;但随着储存时间的增长,透氧率的影响表现明显;当材料的透氧率较大时,乳饮料的脂氧化速率随着透氧率的增加而增大.因此对于选用高阻隔软包装材料,较小透氧率的不同材料对脂氧化的影响差异并不显著.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.