织物含水率在线检测系统研究

在纺织印染行业,湿度作为关键工艺参数,几乎贯穿于每一个工艺过程,对其进行检测尤为重要.为确保在印染过程中对织物湿度的准确测量,实现在线实时检测,本文在对织物的介电特性和微波的电磁特性分析和研究的基础上,提出了利用微波透射法在线检测织物湿度的方案.该系统基于微波测量原理,能在线测量织物含水率,具有无损检测,测量范围宽、不受材料颜色的影响、测量误差小、输出显示织物含水率等特性.通过试验,将微波测量法与烘箱法含水率检测方法相比,该系统具有使用方便、速度快、测量精度高等优点.     

微波谐振腔微扰技术快速检测烟丝含水率

为快速准确地测定烟丝的含水率.采用基于微渡谐振腔微扰技术扫描和最小二乘法建立了不同微波测量参数(输出电压、谐振频率、输出信号带宽、输出电压/带宽)与烟丝的含水率数学校正模型,并将检测结果与烘箱法的测定结果进行了比较.结果表明:[1]微波谐振腔微扰技术测定烟丝含水率时的检测精度与所选用的微波测量参数校准模型有关;[2]当采用信号带宽、输出电压/信号带宽-含水率校正模型时,烟丝含水率的测定误差均小于0.3%,符合烘箱法的精度要求.该法检测响应速度快(ms级),可用于烟丝及其它烟草制品含水率的快速检测.     

基于微波谐振腔的纸页含水率检测系统

对微波谐振腔法测量纸页含水率的基本原理进行了论述,建立了纸页含水率与谐振腔谐振频率的偏移及-3db功率带宽的数学模型。采用DDS+PLL扫频法获取谐振腔的空腔以及有纸页状态下的谐振频率、-3db带宽。最后采用最小二乘法,根据不同含水率的纸页对应微波值和含水率值拟合出含水率关系曲线,实现纸页含水率的间接测量。该检测方法具有快速、连续、精度高、非接触并且不受纸页质量和密度的影响等优点。     

果蔬粉含水率在线检测系统设计

目的：为满足低含水率果蔬粉在线检测需求。方法：基于微波透射原理,设计了一套果蔬粉含水率在线检测系统。系统分为进料模块、检测模块、卸料模块和控制显示模块,并进行相应硬件和软件设计。以胡萝卜粉为试验物料,由第三方检测机构进行含水率微波透射和国标法检测比较,以评价装置检测性能。结果：该装置检测每份样品的含水率耗时约7.33 s,准确度为98.2%,重复性为0.15%。结论：基于系统设计的装置能够实现低含水率果蔬粉的在线、连续检测。     

微波水分检测仪在原烟烟包含水率快速检测中的应用

为实现原烟烟包含水率的快速检测,引进了MW-T微波水分检测仪及配套的检测系统,并采用Cgk评价法对微波水分检测仪进行效果能力评定,确定了微波水分检测仪模型建立的方法。结果表明:建立的微波水分检测模型的R2为0.845;微波水分检测仪Cg和Cgk值分别为1.76和1.55;烟包排列方式与密度对于微波水分检测仪检验烟包含水率无影响;微波水分检测仪检验烟包含水率与行业标准烘箱法检验水分差值绝对值平均值为0.38%,测试样本中,96.25%的样本差值分布在±0.75%之内。     

基于微波的织物湿度在线检测系统

在印染过程中对织物含水率的准确测量,实现在线实时检测,提出了一种基于微波和ARM7微处理器的织物含水率在线检测系统,讨论了测量原理及方法,并与烘箱法进行了比较,得出系统检测的合理性与可行性,为织物测湿提供了一种新方法。     

基于微波测量原理的织物含水率在线检测系统

织物的含水率是染整生产过程中的重要指标,应用微波技术检测物质的含水率,能在线实时准确测量,且可靠性好,抗干扰能力强,不易受到物质的颜色、结构等的影响,并可检测物质内部的含水率。本文从微波测湿的原理出发分别介绍了系统软、硬件构成及功能。并与烘箱法比较,分析了误差,进一步验证了微波测湿的可行性。     

过氧化氢检测方法研究进展

为实现对纺织生产过程中过氧化氢(HP)浓度的宽量程检测,提升检测精度、效率及其工艺适应性,对现阶段有关HP浓度检测方法及数学模型进行了介绍。阐述了HP浓度6种检测方法:常规滴定法、电化学分析法、分光光度法、荧光/化学发光法、折射率法和微波法,分析了各检测方法工作原理、研究进展及适用性,剖析了相关数学模型。研究发现:常规滴定法虽然精度高但耗时耗力;电化学分析法响应快,抗干扰能力强;分光光度法成本较高,相对复杂;荧光/化学发光法灵敏度高,但干扰较多;折射率和微波法灵敏度高,但目前只能测量单质溶液。经分析得知,电化学分析法比较适用于纺织领域中HP的检测问题,可有效解决高浓度HP所引起的欧姆降问题,是未来HP检测研究重点。     

茶叶含水率常用测定方法及比较分析

通过介绍茶叶含水率不同测定方法的基本原理及应用特点,比较分析了各种测定方法的优缺点,提出了茶叶含水率在线检测的技术需求。恒温烘箱法、快速水分测定法、低场核磁共振测定法适用于实验室茶叶含水率(3%~75%)的测定;电阻法适用于高含水率(50%~75%)的测定;近红外光谱法、微波法、电容法适用于中低含水率(3%~50%)的测定。近红外光谱法、微波法可考虑用于茶叶含水率的在线实时检测,及时反馈指导茶叶生产具有优越性。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定凉粉罐头中8种元素含量

目的 建立用微波消解-等离子体发射光谱法同时测定凉粉罐头中的砷、汞、铅、镉、锡、铁、铜、锌的方法。方法 采用微波方法消解凉粉罐头样品,将凉粉罐头样品均质均匀后,置于密闭容器内,加入一定量的硝酸、过氧化氢、放在微波消解系统内进行消解。结果 该法测定精度高,各元素的相对标准偏差 (RSD, n=11) 均＜2.5％,加标回收率为92.9%~108.8%。结论 该方法具有消解用试剂量少、操作简单、检测速度快,多元素同时测定,减少环境污染等优点。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.