卷烟烟气危害性指数研究

为评价卷烟产品的危害性,研究建立了一种新的卷烟烟气危害性评价方法.用于分析评价的163个卷烟样品购自于中国市场.在分析卷烟主流烟气中29种有害成分(包括4种TSNAs、3种PAHs、8种羰基化合物、7种酚类物质、HCN、NO、NOx、NH3、CO、烟碱和焦油等)以及4种毒理学指标(小鼠吸入急毒试验、细胞毒性试验、Ames试验和细胞微核试验)的基础上,建立了烟气有害成分与毒理学指标的函数关系.通过采用无信息变量删除法和遗传算法,筛选出了最具代表性的7种卷烟烟气有害成分,即CO、HCN、NNK、NH3、B[a]P、苯酚和巴豆醛.多元线性回归分析表明,7种有害成分对毒理学指标影响显著,相关模型留一交叉验证的相对误差小于40%,对小鼠吸入急毒试验、细胞毒性试验、Ames试验和细胞微核试验的R2值分别为0.524、0.595、0.504和0.571.基于卷烟主流烟气中7种有害成分的释放量,建立了一种新的卷烟烟气危害性指数:H=Yco/C1+THCN/C2+YNNK/C3+YNH3/C4+YB[a]P/C5+YPHE/C6+YCRO/C7式中:Y--卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量;C1～C7--参考值.应用研究建立的危害性指数对上述163个卷烟危害性进行了评价,结果表明,危害性指数排序不同于卷烟焦油量排序.     

内消旋玉米黄素的遗传毒性研究

目的:评价内消旋玉米黄素的遗传毒性,为其作为食品原料和食品添加剂应用提供毒理学依据。方法:采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验,评价内消旋玉米黄素的遗传毒性。内消旋玉米黄素Ames试验选用TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102四种测试菌株,试验设5000、1000、200和40μg/皿4个剂量组,并设阳性对照和自发回复突变对照;内消旋玉米黄素小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验,设1250、2500和5000mg/kg 3个给药组、阴性对照组和阳性对照组(环磷酰胺60mg/kg)。内消旋玉米黄素小鼠精子畸形试验,设1250、2500和5000mg/kg 3个给药组、阴性对照组和阳性对照组(丝裂霉素C 2.0 mg/kg)。结果:在不大于5000μg/皿剂量范围内,加入和不加入S9的内消旋玉米黄素各剂量组对TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102四种菌株的回变菌落数与阴性对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),且无剂量-反应关系;在1250~5000mg/kg剂量范围内,内消旋玉米黄素小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。结论:在试验剂量范围内,内消旋玉米黄素未显示遗传毒性作用。     

3种不同焦油卷烟烟气的细胞毒性比较

采用中性红法测定了K2R4F参比卷烟和15、8和3mg/支焦油市售国产混合型卷烟烟气的细胞毒性。即卷烟主流烟气经洁净空气稀释后直接导入BALB/c3T3细胞培养瓶中染毒,而后采用中性红法测定细胞毒性,并计算出基于烟气总粒相物的相对细胞死亡率和LC50。结果表明:4种卷烟的细胞毒性依次为15mg/支焦油卷烟>>8mg/支焦油卷烟≈K2R4F>3mg/支焦油卷烟,与这3种国产卷烟样品烟气气相自由基、烟草特有N-亚硝胺和稠环芳烃的降低一致。说明卷烟减害降焦,可以降低其烟气的细胞毒性,降低吸烟对健康的危害。     

加热卷烟添加剂研究进展

为了掌握近年来国内外加热卷烟添加剂的研究现状,参考国外烟草公司对添加剂的安全性评估规程,对添加剂的使用要求、热解行为、对烟气的影响以及毒理学评估等方面进行了综述。结果表明：(1)大多数加热卷烟添加剂在受热温度低于350℃时以原型转移至烟气中,但受化合物本身性质以及裂解氛围等的影响,裂解产物分布略有差异。(2)添加剂能在低温状态下促进烟气中烟碱、甘油和香味成分等关键物质的释放,添加特定的硅酸盐能够降低有害成分的释放。(3)现有添加剂毒理学研究中,常用的甘油、丙二醇和薄荷醇等添加剂在加热状态下不会增加主流烟气的细胞毒性,但在是否能降低烟气毒性方面还需作进一步探索。     

卷烟烟气中镇咳祛痰平喘类植物提取物对呼吸系统的作用评价

为评价卷烟及其植物添加剂对吸烟易引发的呼吸系统“咳嗽、痰多、喘息”三大症状的作用,结合卷烟烟气作用特点,采用经典的药物呼吸道功能评价方法评价了镇咳祛痰平喘类植物小豆蔻属、樟科、杜鹃花科植物复方和紫葳科、菊科植物复方提取物和添加提取物的卷烟烟气对咳嗽、气管分泌液量和支气管平滑肌张力的影响.结果显示:配合自主开发的吸烟机给药,采用小鼠氨水引咳法、豚鼠枸橼酸引咳法、酚红排泄法、豚鼠离体气管螺旋条法和整体动物药物引喘法分别评价卷烟及其添加剂对咳嗽、气管分泌液量和气管平滑肌张力的影响是可行的,具有良好的可操作性和客观准确性.     

前胡、矮地茶、槐米复合提取物在卷烟中的应用及其毒理学评价

为了降低吸烟的危害,对添加前胡、矮地茶、槐米复合提取物卷烟的燃吸品质及其烟气的危害性分别进行了感官评价和毒理学评价。结果表明:①含2‰该提取物的卷烟,香气丰满,烟味谐调,余味舒适;②含2‰该提取物的卷烟烟气急性毒性、染色体损伤的遗传毒性、细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤均明显低于未加提取物的卷烟;没有阳性致突变反应;哺乳动物细胞的细胞毒性和染色体畸变稍低于未加添加提取物的卷烟,但没有统计学差异。     

部分国内外卷烟全烟气暴露的体外致突变作用

选取中国市场上30个国内外卷烟样品,进行深度抽吸模式下41种化学成分的分析测试和全烟气的Ames试验。结果表明:①在10%S9的活化系统下,各类型卷烟均有剂量组对TA98的回复突变菌落比值(MR)大于2.0,表现出致突变作用;②国产烤烟型卷烟对TA98的致突变作用小于进口混合型卷烟,而且差异有统计学意义;③各类型卷烟的单位焦油比活性差异无统计学意义;④具有遗传毒性的有害成分可能影响新鲜卷烟烟气的致突变作用。     

基于两种细胞的卷烟烟气体外免疫毒性评价

为评价卷烟烟气总粒相物(TPM)的体外免疫毒性,选择小鼠淋巴瘤细胞(EL-4细胞)和小鼠巨噬细胞(Ana-1细胞)两种细胞,采用CCK-8法检测肯塔基3R4F参比卷烟烟气TPM染毒后细胞的存活率,采用Luminex液相芯片技术检测细胞上清液中20种细胞因子(FGF-basic、GM-CSF、IFN-γ、IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-17、KC、IP-10、MCP-1、MIP-1α、VEGF、MIG、TNF-α)的分泌量。结果表明:两种细胞经烟气TPM染毒后,随着染毒剂量的增加,EL-4细胞中GM-CSF、IL-10和VEGF的分泌量均下调;Ana-1细胞中MCP-1、MIP-1α和TNF-α的分泌量均上调;两种细胞中其余17种细胞因子的分泌量无明显变化。不同类型/来源的细胞对烟气的毒性效应有不同的反应,因此采用两种细胞有助于更好地评价卷烟烟气的体外免疫毒性。该方法具有快速、灵敏、高通量等特点,适用于卷烟烟气体外免疫毒性评价。     

茶多酚二甲基亚砜合剂对卷烟烟气遗传毒性的防护作用

目的 研究卷烟烟气所致人支气管上皮细胞DNA损伤以及茶多酚二甲基亚砜合剂的保护作用, 为卷烟烟气对机体损伤的防护提供理论及实验依据。方法 将细胞分为5组: 空白组、卷烟烟气组、茶多酚保护组、二甲基亚砜保护组、茶多酚二甲基亚砜合剂保护组; 通过检测微核和多核细胞观察染色体损伤, 彗星实验及H2AX蛋白磷酸化检测DNA的损伤, 多核细胞法检测细胞HPRT突变。结果 BEAS-2B细胞经卷烟烟气染毒后, 细胞的微核率、多核率、拖尾率升高, H2AX蛋白磷酸化表达增高, HPRT突变率增高, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05), 茶多酚保护组、二甲基亚砜保护组能降低卷烟烟气诱发的DNA损伤, 合剂保护组的防护作用最好。结论 卷烟烟气对BEAS-2B细胞DNA具有损伤作用, 茶多酚二甲基亚砜合剂有较强防护作用。      

复方刺五加片毒理学安全性及缓解体力疲劳功效研究

目的：评价一种以刺五加、肉苁蓉、西洋参、丹参为原料的复方保健食品毒理学安全性和缓解体力疲劳功效。方法：依据《保健食品检验与评价技术规范(2003年版)》,进行急性/亚急性经口毒性、致突变性、遗传毒性以及缓解体力疲劳动物功能学等试验。结果：该复方刺五加片对雌、雄小鼠急性经口最大耐受剂量(maximum tolerable dose,MTD)值均＞15.00 g/kg?BW;鼠伤寒沙门氏菌/哺乳动物微粒体酶试验(Ames试验),以5000 μg/皿为最高剂量,不论加S9与否,该样品对标准测试菌株TA97a、TA98、TA100和TA102的回复突变数均未超过相应水对照组值的2倍;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和睾丸染色体畸变试验,与溶剂对照相比,样品各剂量小鼠骨髓细胞微核率、睾丸染色体单价体率、常染色体单价体率、细胞畸变率均无显著性差异(P<0.05);30 d喂养试验未发现该样品对大鼠生长、活动、体质量、摄食量、食物利用率、生理生化指标以及主要组织器官的毒理学￥病理学效应;小鼠缓解体力疲劳功效试验,该复方刺五加片0.46 g/kg?BW组小鼠游泳时间显著延长(P<0.01),运动前后三个时间点血乳酸曲线下面积显著减少(P<0.01),0.46、1.38 g/kg?BW组小鼠血清尿素氮显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论：该复方刺五加片具有缓解体力疲劳功效,且未见明显急性毒性、致突变性或遗传毒性,其对雌、雄大鼠30 d经口毒性未观察到有害作用的水平(no observed adverse effect level, NOAEL)分别为5.29、5.14 g/kg?BW。     

带鱼蛋白亚铁螯合肽抗贫血活性及安全性评价

采用饲喂低铁饲料方法制备大鼠缺铁性贫血模型,灌胃带鱼蛋白亚铁螯合肽及应用急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验分别探究带鱼蛋白亚铁螯合肽抗贫血活性及安全性。结果显示:带鱼蛋白亚铁螯合肽能够提高贫血大鼠血红蛋白(Hb)含量和红细胞数(RBC)等外周血指标,显著促进大鼠贫血症状的改善。LD50=7454.80 mg/kg,属于实际无毒性;Ames试验中TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102的4个标准菌株皆为阴性结果;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验组与阴性对照组比较差别无统计学意义。因此,Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验结果均为阴性。表明带鱼蛋白亚铁螯合肽具有抗贫血活性且食品安全性良好,可作为食品添加剂进一步开发利用。     

Effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation of pea albumins on their immunoreactive properties

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation of pea proteins on their immunoreactive properties. Extracted total pea albumins were glycated. No changes were found in molecular weight distribution of total pea albumins before and after glycation using size exclusion chromatography and SDS–PAGE methods. SDS–PAGE GLYCO test stained the glycated proteins and OPA method showed 15% progress in glycation. Glycated and unglycated pea albumins were orally and intraperitoneally administered to Balb/C mice. Serum specific IgG and IgA and sIgA were determined. No difference in serum specific IgG level was found after oral mice immunization with TA and GTA. In the presence of antigen SPL lymphocytes culture showed higher proliferation activity as compared to the culture without the antigen addition. The glycation does not change the immunoreactivity of proteins significantly. During the presented route of immunization with TA and GTA specific tolerance mechanism could be induced.     

烟草青枯病抗性突变体486-K和117-K的遗传分析

烟草青枯病是一种典型的维管束细菌性病害,严重影响我国烟叶生产。为了解烟草青枯病抗性突变体的遗传规律和开发抗性相关分子标记,本研究选用EMS诱变烤烟品种翠碧一号获得的烟草青枯病抗性突变体486-K和117-K为研究对象,以翠碧一号和2个突变体为亲本,构建了两个不同的杂交组合,采用卡方检验和植物数量性状"主基因+多基因"混合遗传模型分析方法,进行群体遗传效应分析。结果表明,卡方检验显示突变体486-K和117-K的F2代各病级株数呈正态分布,存在一定性状分离。"主基因+多基因"混合模型分析发现突变体117-K的最优抗性遗传模型为2MG-A,即2对主基因为加性效应控制遗传,无显性效应和上位性效应,主基因的遗传效率为78.57%;突变体486-K的最优抗性遗传模型为2MG-ADI,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因模型,上位性效应中以显性×显性互作和显性×加性互作效应较大,主基因遗传效率为88.34%。表明烟草青枯病抗性突变体的遗传方式以主基因效应为主,受环境影响较小。     

Influence of dietary fat, on fatty acid composition and sensory properties of dry-cured Parma ham

A feeding trial with 27 pigs was performed in order to estimate the effect of different dietary fats on the fatty acid composition, flavour and sensory properties of dry-cured Parma hams, ripened for 16 months. The animals received a pelleted diet supplemented with different fat sources: tallow (TA), corn oil (CO), and rapeseed oil (RO). The sensory quality of the hams was evaluated by means of sensory analyses and by instrumental procedures such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the volatile aroma compounds. A treatment effect was detected for linolenic acid in RO vs. CO and TA hams (P<0.01) and for MUFA content (P<0.01) that was higher in RO and TA compared with CO. The results of panel test showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between TA vs. CO and RO hams. Volatile compounds showed limited differences even if in CO group the amount of singular compound is higher than TA and RO.     

三七红曲复方制剂遗传毒性评价

目的 评价三七红曲复方制剂的遗传毒性.方法 通过细菌回复突变试验(Ames试验)、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验组合的方式评价三七红曲复方制剂的遗传毒性.结果 Ames试验中,在8～5000μg/皿剂量范围内,TA97a,TA98,TA100,TA102和TA1535的回复突变菌落数与溶媒对照组比较无统计...     

霍山石斛茎的食用安全性评价

本文采用动物急性毒性试验、三项遗传毒性试验、90 d喂养试验和致畸试验对霍山石斛茎(Dendrobium huoshanense stems,DHS)的食用安全性进行评价。小鼠急性经口毒性试验表明,霍山石斛茎的雌雄小鼠最大耐受剂量(MTD)均大于15.0 g/kg·bw;遗传毒性试验显示,霍山石斛茎对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102均未呈现遗传毒性,对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率及嗜多染红细胞与正染红细胞(PCE/NCE)的比值均无影响,对小鼠精子畸形发生无显著作用;90 d喂养试验表明,霍山石斛茎各剂量组与对照组相比,动物的体重变化、进食量、食物利用率、脏器重量、脏体比、血液学、血液生化及组织病理学等指标均无显著性差异;致畸试验表明,霍山石斛茎各剂量组对孕鼠体重增长、胚胎早期发育及胎鼠的生长发育、骨骼、内脏和外观发育均无明显不良影响,各项指标与对照组相比均无显著性差异。综上,霍山石斛茎在5 g/kg·bw剂量范围内食用安全。     

Mutagenicity of meat flavorings with natural and/or nature-identical flavorings

The mutagenic potential of twenty commercially available meat flavours from three different producers was determined using the Ames test. The flavours contained natural and/or nature-identical components as recorded on their label. Twelve flavours showed mutagenic activity with at least one of the four employed test strains (TA1535, TA100, TA97, and TA98). Flavours containing natural components yielded positive results in this mutation test in all cases but one. On the other hand flavours produced from nature-identical substances with one exception did not demonstrate mutagenic effects.     

Genetic determination of fatty acid composition in Spanish Churra sheep milk

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic variation of ovine milk fatty acid (FA) composition. We collected 4,100 milk samples in 14 herds from 976 Churra ewes sired mostly by 15 AI rams and analyzed them by gas-liquid chromatography for milk fatty acid composition. The studied traits were 12 individual FA contents (proportion in relation to the total amount of FA), 3 groups of fatty acids [saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA)], and 2 FA ratios (n-6:n-3 and C18:2 cis-9,trans-11:C18:1 trans-11). In addition, percentages of fat and protein and daily milk yield were studied. For the analysis, repeatability animal models were implemented using Bayesian methods. In an initial step, univariate methods were conducted to test the hypothesis of the traits showing additive genetic determination. Deviance information criterion and Bayes factor were employed as model choice criteria. All the studied SFA showed additive genetic variance, but the estimated heritabilities were low. Among unsaturated FA (UFA), only C18:1 trans-11 and C18:2 cis-9,cis-12 showed additive genetic variation, their estimated heritabilities being [marginal posterior mean (marginal posterior SD)] 0.02(0.01) and 0.11(0.04), respectively. For the FA groups, only PUFA showed significant additive genetic variation. None of the studied ratios of FA showed additive genetic variation. In second multitrait analyses, genetic correlations between individual FA and production traits, and between groups of FA and ratios of FA and production traits, were investigated. Positive genetic correlations were estimated among medium-chain SFA, ranging from 0 to 0.85, but this parameter was close to zero between long-chain SFA (C16:0 and C18:0). Between long- and medium-chain SFA, estimated genetic correlations were negative, around −0.6. Among those UFA showing significant additive genetic variance, genetic correlations were close to zero. The estimated genetic correlations among all the investigated FA, milk yield, and fat and protein percentages were not different from zero. Our results suggest that low additive genetic variation is involved in the determination of the FA composition of milk fat in Churra sheep under current production conditions, which results in low values of heritabilities.     

烤烟产量及其品质性状的双列杂交分析

本文选用国外引进和国内选育的5个品种(系),按Griffing双列杂交的第4种方法配制成10个杂交组合,对构成烤烟F1主要化学成分和产量特性9个数量性状的配合力效应和遗传力进行了研究和分析、结果表明:亲本之间一般配合力差异达极显著水平,组合间特殊配合力效应存在显著差异,说明烟草品种的品质和产量受加性效应和非加性效应共同控制,以加性效应为主。根据一般配合力效应和特殊配合力方差,来评价亲本的育种价值。      

纯蚂蚁粉的安全性评价

通过测试蚂蚁粉的急性毒性及致突变性,对蚂蚁粉进行安全性评价。材料与方法:采用小鼠的急性毒性试验;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验;小鼠精子畸形试验;大鼠30d喂养试验及Ames试验等试验方法。结果:小鼠LD50>215000mg/kg,小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验测试组和对照组相比均无显著性差异,Ames试验中不同剂量组在加S9和不加S9条件下的回变菌落数均未超过空白对照组回变菌落数的2倍。大鼠30d喂养试验各剂量组动物生长发育良好,血液及生化指标均在正常范围内,各试验组与对照组比较无显著性差异,病理学检查结果肝、肾、胃、肠均正常。结论:蚂蚁粉属无毒物,致突变试验及30d喂养试验均为阴性结果。