康氏木霉液体摇瓶发酵产纤维素酶的初步研究

本文以稻草为主要碳源，对几种真菌产纤维素酶的能力进行了比较研究，其中康氏木霉zj4产酶能力最强。研究了其纤维素酶的产生条件：以稻草粉为碳源，（NH4）2SO4为氮源，稻草与麦麸比为2：1时，菌株产酶最高。该菌株产酶最适培养温度为28℃，最适起始pH5.0，装液量30ml，转速200r/min，当培养时间为144h时，CMC和滤纸酶活均达到最高值，分别为453.2U/ml和45U/ML发酵液。     

康氏木霉固体发酵生产纤维素酶优化研究--培养基用料与工艺条件优化

培养基及培养条件的优化是降低酶制剂成本、提高酶活、实现其工业化生产的重要措施。本研究采用均匀设计U15(5^8)和双温度培养法(前30h恒温30℃，后续恒温27℃)进行康氏木霉产酶固体发酵生产纤维素酶，对滤纸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、棉花酶、β-萄糖苷酶的活力进行回归分析，而后对各酶活方程求和得到纤维素酶的总活力回归方程并进行约束规划求解。结果表明：应用双温度培养法进行康氏木霉固体发酵生产纤维素酶时，在自然补给氧气，培养基pH自然(约6．5)，并保持环境湿度约60％的条件下，72h是适宜的发酵周期：培养基构成以稻草粉50％，(NH4)2SO48％，麸皮42％，加水量以4．9倍的固体物质为宜；少量的Tween80有利于纤维素酶活力的提高。     

发酵秸杆生产耐高温纤维素酶工艺条件的研究

对绿色木霉110发酵秸秆生产纤维素酶上艺条件进行了研究，通过正交试验和扩大试验，确定了绿色木霉固体发酵生产纤维素酶的最佳工艺条件为干料：水=1：1，原料配比（稻草：麸皮）为6：4，容器装料量7％，接种量3％，培养温度38℃，发酵周期72h，试验因素的影响顺序为水分〉原料配比〉装料量〉接种量。在最佳工艺条件下，产酶酶活超过25300U/g。     

响应面法优化康氏木霉产β-葡聚糖酶的液体发酵条件

确定康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)产β-葡聚糖酶的发酵培养条件。利用响应面优化法,通过两步实验设计,即部分因子实验和中心组合实验设计,对康氏木霉液体发酵产β-葡聚糖酶的最佳培养条件进行了优化研究。得到最优培养条件:发酵培养温度29·8℃,摇床转速为200r/min,发酵培养基起始pH为3·43;250mL三角瓶中装液量30mL;接种量5%(1·5mL/瓶),培养时间为156h。在最优培养条件下康氏木霉产β-葡聚糖酶活力达到36·9U/mL。实验结果表明,康氏木霉在液体发酵条件下产β-葡聚糖酶,发酵液起始pH和培养温度对康氏木霉产β-葡聚糖酶活力影响最显著。     

响应面法优化固态发酵产纤维素酶条件

为了获得高酶活纤维素酶,试验将Plackett-Burman筛选和Center Composite Design响应面分析法相结合,考察了影响康氏木霉固态发酵生产CMC酶的发酵条件。PB结果表明,培养温度、时间是影响康氏木霉发酵产纤维素酶酶活高低的主要因素。CCD优化后产酶最适条件为:培养时间7d,温度25.4℃,酶活58.18U/mL。验证试验证实了该方程的预测值与试验值之间具有较高的拟合度。该项研究为农村秸秆的再利用和纤维素酶工业化生产提供了科学依据。     

绿色木霉与黑曲霉混合发酵产纤维素酶的研究

为提高绿色木霉与黑曲霉混合发酵产纤维素酶的能力,进行了黑曲霉接种时间和混合发酵时间的优化。研究了绿色木霉与黑曲霉4株菌单独发酵及混合发酵产纤维素酶酶活的特点,调整黑曲霉NH11-1的接种时间与绿色木霉NM01进行混合发酵来寻找产酶能力最高的时间点。结果表明,黑曲霉NH11-1推迟48 h接种的混合发酵组产酶效果最佳。最佳混合发酵条件为30 ℃、200 r/min恒温振荡培养5 d,滤纸酶活力（FPA）达到242.80 U/mL,是出发菌黑曲霉NH11-1的2.66倍;β-葡萄糖苷酶活力（β-GA）达到297.35 U/mL,是出发菌绿色木霉NM01的1.94倍;β-GA与FPA的比值为1.22,符合纤维素酶水解天然纤维素的最佳比值范围（0.12～1.50）。     

混合菌固态发酵产纤维素酶条件的研究

以稻草秸秆粉为碳源,利用绿色木霉和黑曲霉进行固体发酵产纤雏素酶的研究。以混合菌接种比例、麦麸与稻草粉质量比、发酵时间和三角瓶装量4因素为考察对象,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化混合菌固体发酵条件。确定该混合菌株的最优产酶条件,结果表明,混合菌最佳固体发酵条件为：绿色木霉和黑曲霉接种比例为1：1、麦麸与稻草粉质量比为1：3．0、发酵时间为4d、装量为50mL／1000mL三角瓶。在此最佳发酵条件下,FPA酶活、CMC酶活、β-G酶活分别为5．291U／mL、9．33IU／mL和49．91IU／mL,分别是单菌发酵的2．28～2．47倍、2．39～2．45倍、1．38～2．09倍。混合菌发酵产生的各酶活性均高于各种菌单独发酵产生的各酶活性。     

康氏木霉降解麸皮的研究

对实验室分离筛选的康氏木霉进行研究.研究和分析了滤纸酶活（FPA）测定法的最优酶解条件为：在60℃、pH4.5下酶解40min,酶与底物之比为1：2.康氏木霉的最优产酶条件为28℃下,培养4d,培养基pH为6.5,含水量为150%,接种量为5%.用同时去蛋白和淀粉的麸皮作为作用底物,麸皮的转化率可高达28.5%.     

康氏木霉固体发酵木聚糖酶条件的研究

通过固体发酵培养,经单因素及正交试验分析,得出康氏木霉发酵产木聚糖酶最优条件组合为：麸皮与玉米芯质量比为2∶8,硫酸铵2.5%,MnSO4 0.50%,料水比1∶1.5（g∶mL）,培养基初始pH自然,培养温度30 ℃,发酵时间6 d。在此条件下,康氏木霉固体发酵木聚糖酶活力达11.98 IU/g。该木聚糖酶水解产物富含2～5个木糖分子的低聚木糖。     

康氏木霉LW-1产酶条件的研究

以康氏木霉LW-1为实验材料,采用固体发酵方法,对其所产纤维素酶进行研究。结果表明在初始pH为6．0的条件下,最适培养温度为28℃,固体发酵最佳培养时间为108h,最适接种量为8％。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.