津晋豫鲁部分地区原料奶中微生物污染情况调查

蜡样芽孢杆菌是影响原料奶质量的致病微生物之一,它能产生致吐肠毒素和致腹泻毒素.由蜡样芽孢杆菌引起的食物中毒事件屡见不鲜,严重影响到消费者的身体健康.本研究对国内津、晋、豫及鲁四个地区的原料奶中微生物污染情况进行调查与鉴定,主要检测菌落总数和蜡样芽孢杆菌数.结果表明,原料奶市场的微生物污染状况不容乐观.本实验也对原料奶的溯源奠定了基础.     

豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌污染情况分析

对来自武汉市售的50份豆豉样品进行微生物污染情况调查,主要检测豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌,以及菌落总数、霉菌与酵母和芽孢杆菌数.结果表明,豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌检出率很高,为94.0％,阳性样品含菌量为3.6c fu/g～1100cfu/g,几何均数为75.8cfu/g.不同地区的豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌的几何均数不同(21.2c fu/g～466.0cfu/g).本调查分析对我国豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌污染的溯源奠定基础.     

原料乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌部分致病基因的鉴定及毒力评价

研究原料乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的潜在威胁,对我国10 个省市原料乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的污染状况进行调查,并利用PCR 扩增技术及血平板检测的方法分析乳源性蜡样芽孢杆菌中的毒性分布。结果表明,原料乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌检出率为33%,检出水平为1 × 103～1 × 106 CFU/ml,检出的蜡样芽孢杆菌中25 株(75.8%)能产生溶血素BL,24 株(72.7%)含有bceT 基因,至少产生一种毒素的菌株有31 株占检出菌总数的93.9%。研究结果证实我国原料乳中的蜡样芽孢杆菌污染状况不容乐观,严格监控原料乳中的蜡样芽孢杆菌污染,对生产出优质乳制品具有重要意义。     

生产贮藏条件对原料奶中微生物的影响

以手工挤奶条件下不同来源的原料奶为研究对象,在冷藏(4℃)、室温(19℃)条件下,分别贮藏0,3,6,9 h后检测原料奶中菌落总数(TBC)、芽孢总数(TSC)、耐热芽孢数、嗜冷菌总数。结果表明,随着贮藏温度增加、时间延长,原料奶中微生物增幅加快(P<0.05),冷链条件下(4℃)贮运原料奶对控制微生物生长繁殖具有重要作用。手工挤奶条件下室温(19℃)贮奶3h、冷藏(4℃)贮奶6h后原料奶中菌落总数超过5×105 mL-1的国家标准,原料奶的芽孢总数、耐热芽孢数和嗜冷菌数均超出液态奶的生产要求,特别不利于长效奶(保质期30 d以上)的生产。改善牛奶生产环境对提高原料奶品质具有重要的作用。     

婴幼儿辅食中细菌总数及蜡样芽孢杆菌污染情况分析

通过平板菌落计算法和最大近似值（MPN）法检测市售婴儿辅食中细菌总数和蜡样芽孢杆菌污染情况,并对MPN法得到的疑似蜡样芽胞杆菌进行基因间隔序列（ITS）插入性序列分析和形态鉴定。结果表明,101份样品中只有30份样品菌落总数达标,合格率仅为29.7%,部分超标产品的细菌总数达105CFU/g~106CFU/g。市售3种婴幼儿辅食-米粉、奶伴侣和面条中细菌总数及食源性致病菌蜡样芽孢杆菌检出情况不容乐观。     

江苏省徐州市市售发酵与非发酵豆制品微生物污染调查

目的 调查江苏省徐州市市售豆制品微生物污染情况。方法 采集发酵、非发酵豆制品86份, 按照GB 4789进行大肠菌群、菌落总数(非发酵豆制品)、蜡样芽胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的定量和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、沙门氏菌的定性检测。结果 大肠菌群检出率为34.88%, 蜡样芽胞杆菌为12.79%, 金黄色葡萄球菌为1.16%, 其余致病菌均未检出。非发酵豆制品中大肠菌群检出率为65.91%, 计数>103 CFU/g占52.27%, 散装较预包装样品检出率高, 差异有显著意义(P<0.05); 菌落总数>105 CFU/g占75.00%; 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率为6.82%, 104 CFU/g(均<105 CFU/g)占4.55%; 金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.27%。发酵类豆制品中大肠菌群检出率为2.38%, 蜡样芽胞杆菌为19.05%, 104 CFU/g占7.14%(均<105 CFU/g); 预包装、散装样品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。发酵、非发酵豆制品中大肠菌群检出率差异均有显著意义(P<0.05); 发酵豆制品合格率为97.62%, 非发酵豆制品合格率为11.36%, 差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论 徐州市豆制品中非发酵类卫生指标菌污染较为严重, 应加强卫生监督。     

津晋地区原料奶中微生物污染程度分析与鉴定

沙门氏菌是一种重要的人畜共患肠道疾病致病菌,它引起的食物中毒已成为一类最常见且危害性较大的细菌性食物中毒。本研究对我国津晋地区原料奶中微生物污染情况进行分析与鉴定,主要包括菌落总数、大肠菌群和沙门氏菌的检测。结果显示：津晋地区原料奶来源不同,奶源质量有较大差别。菌落总数平均在104～107CFU/mL之间,存在许多超标奶;大肠菌群数差别较大,晋奶源质量很好,大肠菌群数均低于110MPN/mL,天津地区乳品厂A大肠菌群数最高为1100MPN/mL,乳品厂B受到大肠菌群的严重污染,几乎均大于或等于11000MPN/mL;沙门氏菌未检出。研究证实了津晋地区原料奶的质量和安全性不容忽视。     

白腐乳及其生产过程中蜡样芽孢杆菌的污染及防治

分析了不同品牌共10个白腐乳样品的蜡样芽孢杆菌总数,并进一步研究了某品牌腐乳生产各个环节中蜡样芽孢杆菌的污染状况。结果表明,白腐乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的检出率为70%,其中30%的样品超出港标的要求。蜡样芽孢杆菌在腐乳生产过程中的主要污染环节是酸浆水、种水和盐水。在此基础上,进一步分析了污染产生的原因,并提出了防治措施。     

西北地区原料奶沙门氏菌污染程度鉴定与分析

沙门氏菌(Salmonella)是一类广泛分布于自然界,对人和畜禽健康构成极大危害的革兰阴性肠道致病菌。在世界各地的食物中毒病例中,由沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒事件位居前列,已严重威胁着消费者的身体健康,造成了巨大的经济损失。在西北地区选取3个有代表性的乳品厂,对该地区原料奶中沙门氏菌的存在情况进行了鉴定,检出率为1.3%,并检测了该地区原料奶中菌落总数及大肠菌群数。结果显示:3个乳品厂样品菌落总数合格率均在70%以上,奶源质量相对较好;从大肠菌群数来看,X2乳品厂平均值<334MPN/mL,而X1乳品厂平均值≥690MPN/mL,X3乳品厂平均值≥382 MPN/mL。可见X2乳品厂奶源质量最好,个别原料奶样品受粪便污染程度较高。但部分地区奶源状况不容乐观,需要给予关注。     

原料乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的快速检测

目前原料乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测方法繁琐费时耗力,针对此缺点建立一种操作简便快速检测方法,采用过滤富集菌体后PCR技术来检测原料乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌.整个过程只需6 h左右即可完成.检测灵敏度高达101 mL-1.这种方法是对传统检测方法的有效改进,并且达到了原料乳检测快速、准确、灵敏的要求.     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

转录组学在储粮害虫研究中的进展

转录组测序技术能将组织或细胞在不同生理条件下的差异基因量化,是探索基因功能和揭示特定生物学过程中分子机理的必要手段。储粮害虫是严重危害储藏粮食的一类害虫,从转录组水平揭示储粮害虫生长发育、关键基因功能、抗药性分子机制等成为研究热点,极大促进了对储粮害虫特别是无参考基因组信息的害虫的研究。因此,本文系统性从生长发育相关基因的挖掘、组织特异性基因、与微生物互作机制、对环境胁迫的响应机制、磷化氢抗性机理和植物精油杀虫机理研究六个方面综述了转录组学在储粮害虫研究中的应用,旨在为储粮害虫的深入研究提供参考,对进一步进行储粮害虫防治技术开发提供理论依据。     

Aflatoxins in spices marketed in Portugal

Seventy-nine prepackaged samples of 12 different types of spice powders (five cardamom, five cayenne pepper, eight chilli, five cloves, seven cumin, five curry powder, five ginger, five mustard, 10 nutmeg, 12 paprika, five saffron and seven white pepper) were selected from supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (Portugal) for estimation of aflatoxins by immmunoaffinity column clean-up followed by HPLC. Aflatoxin B (AFB) was detected in 34 samples of prepackaged spices (43.0%). All of the cayenne pepper samples were contaminated with levels ranging from 2 to 32 µ g AFB / kg. Three nutmeg samples contained levels ranging from 1 to 5 µ g/kg, three samples had levels ranging from 6 to 20 µ g/kg, and there were two with 54 µ g/kg and 58 µ g/ kg. Paprika contained levels of aflatoxin B₁ ranging from 1 to 20 µ g/kg. Chilli, cumin, curry powder, saffron and white pepper samples had levels ranging from 1 to 5 µ g/kg. Aflatoxins were not detected in cardamom, cloves, ginger and mustard. None of the samples analysed contained aflatoxins B₂, G₁ and G₂.