耐热β-葡聚糖酶产生菌AS35产酶条件的研究

本试验对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)AS35产β-葡聚糖酶的发酵条件进行优化研究。单因素实验结果表明:该菌产β-葡聚糖酶的最佳碳源为麦糟粉,添加量为3.0%(w/v),最佳麦糟粉颗粒直径为0.5mm左右;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,添加量为0.8%(w/v);最佳培养基初始pH为7.0;最佳摇瓶装液量为50mL/250mL三角瓶;最佳发酵温度为36℃。在上述优化条件下,以接种量10%(v/v)接种菌龄18h的种子于发酵培养基中,200r/min摇床培养60h,β-葡聚糖酶酶活达到32.5U/mL。同时,耐热性实验表明,该酶最适反应温度为65℃。     

嗜酸乳杆菌GIM1.208产β-葡萄糖苷酶培养基及发酵条件优化

以嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）GIM1.208为研究对象,通过单因素、正交试验和响应面法优化其产β-葡萄糖苷酶的培养基及发酵条件。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌GIM1.208发酵产β-葡萄糖苷酶的最佳产酶条件为葡萄糖添加量3.0%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.4%,初始pH值5.5,料液比1∶4（g∶mL）、发酵温度31 ℃,发酵时间24 h,接种量2.6%。在此优化条件下,β-葡萄糖苷酶活力为16.80 U/mL,是优化前的3.90倍。     

产中性植酸酶菌株的筛选及产酶条件的优化

对菌BA8的产酶条件进行了单因素和正交试验,探讨了碳源、氮源、磷源等培养基成分和温度、接种量、装液量等培养条件对产酶的影响.结果表明,每1000mL液体培养基最佳组成为可溶性淀粉40g、胰蛋白胨10g、亚硝酸钠8.6g、硝酸铵5.0g、磷酸氢二钾0.10g、氯化钾0.10g、氯化镁0.10g、氯化锰0.09g.摇瓶培养的最佳条件为初始pH值6.0,发酵温度30℃,装液量100mL,接种量7%.优化后酶活可达到241.1U/mL,比未优化前提高了2.21倍.     

一株绿色木霉产纤维素酶摇瓶发酵条件优化研究

本文研究了利用纤维素刚果红分离培养基从废纸液里筛选出一株纤维素酶高产菌株,经鉴定为绿色木霉。同时对绿色木霉摇瓶发酵产酶进行了条件优化,实验结果表明其最佳发酵条件为:碳源纤维素粉:麸皮为12g∶8g;氮源(NH4)2SO4:玉米浆:豆饼粉为2g∶2g∶1g;起始pH2.5;接种量8%;转速200r/min;乳糖诱导添加量0.2%;发酵时间4d。在最佳产酶条件下CMCA酶活达到735.06U/mL,比未优化条件下酶活234.21U/mL提高了213.8%。     

酶解斑点叉尾鮰内脏制备血管紧张素转换酶抑制产物

以斑点叉尾鮰内脏为原料,血管紧张素转化酶抑制率为指标,筛选出木瓜蛋白酶为酶解的最适蛋白酶,并研究该酶的酶解时间、酶添加量、初始pH 值、酶解温度、液料比(mL/g)对酶解产物抑制活性的影响,通过正交试验优化得到了具有ACE 抑制活性的酶解产物的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：最优酶解条件为初始pH7.5、酶解温度55℃、液料比2:1(mL/g),酶解产物ACE 抑制率为72.34%。     

谷氨酸脱羧酶发酵工艺的优化

用大肠杆菌AS1.505进行液态发酵生产谷氨酸脱羧酶并优化培养基,考察了碳源、氮源、复合营养物质、起始pH及发酵时间对酶活的影响,确定最佳产酶培养基组成为:葡萄糖1.0 g/dL,蛋白胨3.0 g/dL,氯化钠0.3 g/dL,磷酸氢二钾0.1 g/dL,硫酸镁0.02 g/dL,L-谷氨酸0.01g/dL,玉米浆1.5 g/dL,生物素30 t,g/L,麸皮4 g/dL;pH 6.5.在此基础上,设计发酵条件的优化实验.实验结果表明为:250 mL的三角瓶装液量25 mL,37℃,起始pH 6.5,培养18 h达到产酶高峰,产酶活力可达1 290 U/mL.     

酶法制备豆皮低聚木糖的工艺研究

利用木聚糖酶酶解豆皮制备低聚木糖,通过单因素试验考察酶解温度、pH 值、时间、料液比以及酶添加量对酶解液中低聚木糖含量的影响,并在此基础上通过正交试验确立最佳酶解工艺条件：酶添加量0.3%、pH4.3、料液比1:15(g/mL)、温度40℃、酶解时间2h。该最佳工艺条件下,总还原还原糖含量为5.74mg/mL。通过离子色谱检测酶解液中的糖分组成,发现酶解液中的单糖以木糖为主,相对含量达到54.99%。     

一株产胶原蛋白酶细菌的鉴定及产酶条件优化

采用形态学特征、生理生化特征结合16S rDNA对一株产胞外胶原蛋白酶的菌株AL-13进行鉴定。获得安全、高效、高产量的生产胶原蛋白酶工艺。以胶原蛋白酶活性为指标,采用单因素实验优化温度、pH、接种量等产酶培养条件后,利用单因素结合响应曲面法优化产酶培养基。结果表明,AL-13鉴定为侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus),最适产酶培养条件为:培养时间48 h、培养温度25 ℃、初始pH8.0、接种量6%(v/v),最适产酶培养基为:葡萄糖8.14 g/L、牛肉膏11.63 g/L、氯化钙0.17 g/L、磷酸氢二钾2.08 g/L、氯化钠9.48 g/L,在该产酶条件下胶原蛋白酶活力预测值为154.89 U/mL,验证结果显示酶活为(153.06±3.73) U/mL,此结果与预测值接近,相对误差为0.04%。本实验成功优化了一株产胶原蛋白酶细菌的产酶条件,产酶条件优化后的酶活(153.06 U/mL)较优化前(16.14 U/mL)提高了9.5倍。     

以水稻秸秆为基质里氏木霉产酶条件优化

以里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）为研究对象,对水稻秸秆进行糖化试验。通过单因素试验及响应面法优化里氏木霉产酶培养基及产酶条件。结果表明,里氏木霉产酶最佳培养基为：水稻秸秆15.0 g/L、（NH4）2SO4 2.0 g/L、KH2PO4 3.0 g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L、吐温-80 0.5 mL/L、微量元素液10.0 mL/L、FeSO4·7H2O 0.005 g/L。此优化条件下,菌株的滤纸酶酶活为0.612 PFU/mL,提高了52.6%。最佳发酵条件为：发酵温度29 ℃,初始pH 6、接种量5.0%、转速150 r/min、发酵时间8 d。在此优化条件下,滤纸酶酶活为1.12 PFU/mL,提高了83.2%。     

米曲霉产中性蛋白酶条件的优化

以豆瓣酱中分离的米曲霉M1为出发菌株,研究了该米曲霉产蛋白酶的分布及最佳培养温度、时间、pH值等,优化了米曲霉最佳培养基的组成.结果表明,米曲霉产中性蛋白酶的能力最强.产中性蛋白酶适宜的培养条件为:麸皮∶水=1∶1 (w/w),最佳培养温度为30℃,培养时间为72h.培养基的组成为:酵母粉添加量2.0％,蛋白胨添加量0.2％,硝酸钾添加量0.1％,麦芽糖添加量0.1％,葡萄糖添加量0.1％,硫酸铵添加量2.0％.在此条件下培养,最高酶活达到12113.85U/g干基,比优化前提高22.98％.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.