主要谷物水分测定方法比较研究

对大米、小麦和玉米水分测定方法进行了比较研究.水分测定方法包括:(Ⅰ)GB/T 5497 105℃恒重法(烘箱干燥105℃,3 h)、(Ⅱ)GB/T 5497定温定时烘干法(烘箱干燥130℃,40 min)、(Ⅲ)ISO712粉状物测定(烘箱干燥130℃,90 min)、(Ⅳ)ISO712常规法(烘箱干燥130℃,2 h)、(Ⅴ)GB/T 10362粉碎玉米水分测定(烘箱干燥130℃,4 h)、(Ⅵ)GB/T 10362整粒玉米水分测定(烘箱干燥130℃,38 h)和(Ⅶ)M105/72(烘箱干燥105℃,72 h).在小麦和大米水分测定及同一类型的粮食水分测定中,方法(Ⅳ)测定值要大于方法(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ)、(Ⅲ);其标准偏差要小于这三种方法,精确度较高,方法(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ)、(Ⅲ)测定值与方法(Ⅳ)测定值的相关系数较高.玉米水分测定中,方法(Ⅴ)测定值和精确度大于方法(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ),这两种方法的测定结果与方法(Ⅴ)的相关系数较高.     

不同标准测定粮食水分的对比试验

研究旨在进一步提升粮食水分测定工作效率。针对粮食水分进行测定时，主要选用了对比试验的方式展开。为了确保测定结果的准确性，主要结合GB5497-1985《粮食、油料检验水分测定法》关于定温定时测定方法的标准方法处理，在130℃±2℃（40min）标准下去测定粮食水分数值。同时，还使用GB5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准食品内水分的测定》关于第一法直接干燥标准方法应用下，得出测定出来的粮食水分数值。结果显示：针对两个不同标准方法下所测定得出的粮食水分差异，发现两个结果之间的差异并不明显，说明两种测定方法测定结果趋于一致。因此，为更好地提升粮食水分测定相关工作效率，在条件一致的情况下，可以重点选用130℃定温定时标准方法完成对比试验工作，且此种测定方法值得推广。     

食品营养强化剂乳酸亚铁中水分含量测定方法探讨

目的通过比较不同水分测定方法,研究适用于食品营养强化剂二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁的方法。方法采用105℃直接干燥法、130℃直接干燥法、真空干燥法和卡尔·费休法测定二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁中水分含量。并比较干燥前后样品的色泽及三价铁含量。结果 105℃直接干燥法、130℃直接干燥法和真空干燥法仅适用于三水乳酸亚铁,对二水乳酸亚铁不适用。卡尔·费休法可以检测出二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁中水分含量。结论与105℃直接干燥法、130℃直接干燥法、真空干燥法相比,卡尔·费休法更适合于二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁中水分含量的测定。建议《食品安全国家标准食品营养强化剂乳酸亚铁》中采用卡尔·费休法测定水分的含量。     

猪肉水分含量测定方法的优化及比较

利用GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》中的第一法直接干燥法进行了猪肉中水分的检测与方法优化,并与第三法蒸馏法进行了方法比较,为直接干燥法适用于猪肉中水分含量测定提供了数据支撑。直接干燥法通过高温挥发水分干燥样品,根据前后重量差值计算水分含量,本试验得出最优化方案参数为105℃加热温度下,准确称量样品5g,加入5mL无水乙醇,10g海砂,先经4h烘干后冷却称重后再次烘干至恒重,其检测结果显示与蒸馏法结果无显著差异,且直接干燥法较蒸馏法设备简单操作方便,稳定性好,适宜进行大批量检测。     

不同预处理方法对提取萝卜籽油品质的影响

研究了整粒浸泡酶解、种子粉碎酶解、种子粉碎3种预处理方法对提取的萝卜籽油中多种指标的影响。结果表明,整粒浸泡酶解预处理方法提取的油脂中异硫氰酸酯、莱菔素含量高,总抗氧化能力、清除DPPH·能力强,种子粉碎酶解法次之,种子粉碎法最差;种子粉碎预处理法的油脂中酸价和过氧化值含量最高,种子粉碎酶解法次之,整粒浸泡酶解法最低;3种预处理方法对油脂脂肪酸组成变化不显著。整粒浸泡酶解法提取油脂的条件为:整粒种子25℃浸泡1 h,破碎后25℃酶解50 min,酶解p H5.0,液料比20 m L/g,提取时间5 min;萝卜籽油的提取率为34.51%,提取效率为95.03%。     

高水分玉米水分快速测定方法探讨

粮食水分在16%(含16%)以上时,按照现行国家标准,要采用两次烘干测定法,进行水分含量测定(GB/T20264-2006),但这种烘干测定法测定时间较长。为了解决在粮食烘干降水期间,高水分玉米(水分高于≥16%)水分含量测定时间较长,检验结果不能更及时指导生产的问题,我们对如何缩短高水分玉米水分含量测定时间,进行了检验方法的研究探索。对试验样品采用不同烘干温度,不同烘干时间进行定测,对多组玉米水分的测定结果进行比对,运用统计学理论对最佳两组数据进行数据分析,经过不断试验、研究、总结、改进,初步确定了一种快速测定高水分玉米水分的方法,即《180℃高温定时烘干法》。这种方法大大缩短了高水分玉米水分测定时间。     

对采用温度回升法与回降法测定粮食水分问题的探讨

在测定粮食水分的诸方法中,105℃恒重法,因为烘样时间较长,所以,对回升法和回降法没有明确规定,然而,在定温定时烘干法中,却明确强调了“在5min内,将烘箱温度回升到130士2℃,开始计时……”即采用回升法而不采用回降法。确切地说,选择回升法和     

基于近红外光谱技术的面粉水分无损检测模型的建立

直接对面粉样品进行近红外光谱扫描,采用105℃恒重法测定面粉中水分含量,在不同的光谱数据预处理方式下运用改进偏最小二乘法(MPLS)建立水分含量定标模型,通过比较模型预测效果以确定最佳预处理方法,随后用PCA、PLS、MPLS三种建模方法在最佳预处理方式下建模通过比较模型预测效果以确定最佳建模方法并用验证集对最优模型进...     

兴化脱水香葱产品水分测定方法的探讨

以江苏兴化香葱的冷冻干燥产品(FD葱)和热风干燥产品(AD葱)为实验材料,按GB/T 5009.3-2003这<食品中水分的测定>中规定的方法,并参考中国药典附录中的相关规定,分别采用直接干燥法、减压干燥法、蒸馏法测定了样品的水分含量,同时测定了样品在105℃烘干前后的紫外光谱以及还原糖和总糖含量.结果表明:样品经105℃烘干后,还原糖及总糖含量均有所下降,紫外光谱亦发生明显变化,这表明样品的化学成分已有所改变,部分分子发生了脱水反应,导致分析结果偏高,而减压干燥前后样品外观和气味均未见明显改变.实验结果表明,对于高温干燥时容易发生焦化的某些果蔬产品,其水分测定应以减压干燥法为宜.     

3种不同检测方法测定大豆水分含量的差异分析

目的对比国标法、整粒烘ASAE法和快速水分法3种不同水分检测方法测定大豆水分含量的结果差异。方法取自3种不同产地的大豆,包括巴西大豆、美国大豆和国产大豆,进行大豆整籽粒和粉碎后的水分测定实验来比较大豆水分含量差异。同时对2种谷物粉碎仪差异进行了比较。结果以进口巴西大豆为例,用国标法测定水分平均值为7.76%,其中谷物磨测量值为7.75%,万用粉碎仪测量值为7.78%;ASAE法测得水分值为10.39%,快速水分仪测定值为10.7%。国标法水分测量值低于用ASAE法和快速水分仪法,且不同的粉碎磨粉碎后的水分测量值无明显差异(P 0.05)。通过对比,ASAE法和快速水分法测定的大豆整籽粒水分含量比较接近真实值,而粉碎后测得的水分含量比真实值低。结果表明,国标法中将大豆粉碎后水分测量值低于用ASAE法和快速水分仪法整籽粒法水分测量值(P0.05),且不同的粉碎磨粉碎后的水分测量值无明显差异。结论结合实际现场测量的实验环境、实验周期和成本等因素考虑,推荐谷物快速水分法为最佳检测方法。     

Antioxidant activity of water and alcohol extracts of chamomile flowers,anise seeds and dill seeds

The antioxidant activities of water and alcohol extracts of the flowers of chamomile (Matricaria aurea Schultz) and the seeds of anise (Pimpinella anisum L) and dill (Anethum graveolens L) were investigated. The extracts showed marked antioxidant activity in both linoleic acid and liposome model systems. This indicates that the extracts could be used as antioxidants in fat‐containing foods. The water extracts of chamomile flowers and dill seeds showed higher antioxidant activity than butylated hydroxyanisole, whereas the antioxidant activities of the alcohol extracts of all three plants were lower. The water extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than the corresponding alcohol extracts. The antioxidant activity of both water and alcohol extracts decreased in the order chamomile flowers > gtill seeds > gtnise seeds. The extracts also showed good free radical‐scavenging activity, indicating that they act as hydrogen donors. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

甲基硫环磷闷种对甜菜种子发芽的影响

长期以来,在甜菜生产上我们十分重视甜菜的出苗、保苗和全苗.有时虽然甜菜出苗较好,但由于甜菜立枯病、象甲、跳甲等危害,造成甜菜缺苗,断条,影响甜菜的产质量,有时甚至毁种,造成严重的损失.     

Partial dehydration and cryopreservation of Citrus seeds

BACKGROUND: Three categories of seed storage behavior are generally recognized among plant species: orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant. Intermediate seeds cannot be stored in liquid nitrogen (LN) without a previous partial dehydration process. The water content (WC) of the seeds at the moment of immersion in LN must be regarded as the most critical factor in cryopreservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the basis of the optimal hydration status for cryopreservation of Citrus seeds: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. reticulata (mandarin) in LN. RESULTS: To study the tolerance to dehydration and LN exposure, seeds were desiccated by equilibration at relative humidities between 11 and 95%. Sorption isotherms were determined and modeled; lipid content of the seeds was measured. Seed desiccation sensitivity was quantified by the quantal response model. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms were determined on cotyledon tissue at different moisture contents to measure ice melting enthalpies and unfrozen WC. Samples of total seed lipid extract were also analyzed by DSC to identify lipid transitions in the thermograms. CONCLUSIONS: The limit of hydration for LN Citrus seeds treatment corresponded to the unfrozen WC in the tissue, confirming that seed survival strictly depended on avoidance of intracellular ice formation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quality characteristics of sesame seeds and by-products

The chemical composition, of raw sesame seed (RS); Sesame coats 1 (SC1) and sesame coats 2 (SC2) obtained as a by-product respectively after dehulling and roasting processes during preparation of sesame paste (tehineh) for the manufacturing of Halaweh (sweetened tehineh), was determined along with the physicochemical characteristics of the oil fraction. Compared to RS, SC1 and SC2 showed higher amounts of dietary fibre, ash and polyphenol and lower amounts of oil and protein. Oil from SC1 and SC2, had a higher content of free fatty acids, chlorophylls, polyphenols and sesamol than RS oil. SC2 oil showed more intense colour, more absorbance in UV-A, UV-B and UV-C ranges and a significant higher viscosity (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for refractive index, iodine value and fatty acids composition. This latter was essentially dominated by oleic and linoleic acids. Oxidative stability of oil was investigated using a Rancimat system and in an oven test at 65 °C over 60 days. RS oil was more resistant to the thermal treatment during a long period than SC1 and SC2 oils.     

食用葵花籽尺寸分析与均齐性研究

为探索食用葵花籽清选、分级、选种、定价的理论依据，完善建立葵花籽的离散元法分析模型，对食用葵花籽的主要尺寸及均齐性进行了分析。选择内蒙古自治区主栽的3个品种食用葵花籽（1013、SH361、SH363）为研究对象，使用统计学方法，以籽粒的三轴尺寸(长度、宽度、厚度)、平均径（算术平均径、几何平均径）、百粒重为指标，分析葵花籽三轴尺寸的统计分布特性、均齐性以及平均径与百粒重的关系，并按宽度对葵花籽进行了清选分级试验。结果表明：不同品种葵花籽的三轴尺寸均服从正态分布并存在线性相关，且总体上存在显著性差异；葵花籽的均齐性存在差异且其几何平均径、算术平均径与百粒重的变化趋势一致；1013品种选用圆孔筛10 mm和8 mm规格，SH361和SH363品种选用圆孔筛10 mm和8.5 mm规格时，分级效果满足要求。     

Drying kinetics of grape seeds

Drying of grape seeds representing waste products from white wine processing (Riesling), red wine processing (Cab Franc), and juice processing (Concord) was studied at 40, 50, and 60 °C and constant air velocity of 1.5 m/s. Equilibrium moisture content had a significant effect on the normalized drying curve and was determined for each grape seed at each drying temperature. Effective moisture diffusivity ranged between 1.57 and 3.96 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for Riesling seeds, 2.93–5.91 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for Concord seeds, and 3.89–8.03 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for Cab Franc seeds. The temperature dependence of the effective diffusivity followed an Arrhenius relationship, and the activation energies were 40.14 kJ/mol for Riesling seeds, 30.45 kJ/mol for Concord seeds, and 31.47 kJ/mol for Cab Franc seeds. Three thin-layer models were used to predict the drying curves: Page model, Lewis model, and the Henderson–Pabis model. All three models were found to produce accurate predictions compared to the mass average moisture loss for each grape seed variety (percent error less than 10%), and the Lewis model was shown to be an excellent model for predicting all three grape seed varieties (percent error less than 5%).     

苹果籽、南瓜籽饲料脂肪酸组成与团头鲂鱼体脂肪酸组成相关性研究

以团头鲂为研究对象,研究了苹果籽和2种南瓜籽(白色南瓜籽和黑色南瓜籽)作为饲料油源对团头鲂全鱼、肌肉、肠脂和肝胰脏脂肪酸组成的影响.结果表明:全鱼、肌肉、肠脂、肝胰脏与对应饲料的脂肪酸相关系数随油脂添加水平的升高而升高;鱼体脂肪酸组成受饲料影响程度由大到小依次为肠脂、肌肉、全鱼、肝胰脏;团头鲂可以将饲料脂肪中的亚油酸和亚麻酸合成n-6系列、n-3系A高不饱和脂肪酸,但团头鲂转化n-3系列的脂肪酸较弱,同时C22:6n-3(DHA)比C20:5n-3(EPA)对团头鲂生长更为重要.     

Composition of Cicer soongaricum seeds

The legume, Cicer soongaricum grows wild in high altitude regions of the Himalayas. The seeds are nutritionally rich, containing 19.1% protein, 44.5% starch, 7.2% oil and 3.4% minerals. Glutelin has been found to be the major protein fraction (43.7%) whereas albumin, globulin and prolamin are 11.5, 14.3 and 6.6%, respectively. The oil contains 29.8% phospholipids, wherein palmitic (30.0%), stearic (32.4%) and linolenic acids (13.6%) are the major fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction has an appreciable content of phosphatidyl choline (1.0% in the seed) which is higher than in soya bean, presently the commercial source of its manufacture.     

龙眼核的营养成分

对龙眼核的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,龙眼核中含有丰富的淀粉、还原糖和蛋白质等营养成分,且含有多种矿物元素,它们主要是钾、钙、镁和磷等元素。根据实验要求测定了龙眼核中VA和VE的含量,结果为VA<0.56mg/100g和VE0.55mg/kg。分析结果表明,龙眼核是开发保健食品的良好营养源。