包包曲生产工艺的实践

包包曲是浓香型酒生产用糖化发酵剂，属中温大曲，以纯小麦为原料，经粉碎、踩曲、入房发酵而成。主酵时间3－4d，品温40－42℃；晾霉时间24－36h，品温28－35℃；潮火期6－7d，曲心温度45－55℃；干火期曲心温度达到55－63℃；后火期6－8d，封闭门窗，视曲室相对湿度的情排潮，每次20－30min；品温接近室温时，每1－2d排潮1次，降低曲室温湿度。成品包包曲的理化指标酸度、糖化力、发酵力均优于平板曲，感官指标亦较平板曲佳。（庞晓）     

青稞小曲白酒生产方法初论

青稞又称稞大麦，是大麦的一个变种，禾本科，一二年生草本，是藏区主要农作物，主要用于生产传统糌粑和青稞酒。青稞含蛋白质14％以上，淀粉60％左右，含18种氨基酸和12种微量矿物元素。用固态发酵法小曲白酒生产工艺生产青稞酒，泡粮后青稞含水分41％－44％；闷粮水温70℃左右，时间30min；用曲为Q303、3866或5－5根霉酵母麸曲，添加量为青稞量的0．35％－0．60％，藏曲为3％－5％；培菌糖化温度30－－38℃；发酵糟温控制在28－32℃。（孙悟）     

锥形罐啤酒发酵温度的调节与控制

锥形罐啤酒发酵温度的调节与控制关键是对控制工艺方法的选取，发酵周期长期对温度的影响控制；控制温度调节对啤酒风味的影响；控制好主发酵期的温度变化；双乙酰还原期温度的变化；降温阶段的温度的调节与控制；冷却贮存阶段温度的调节控制应使罐体内温度一致，一般从5－7℃降至0－01℃，速度为0．1℃／h。（孙悟）     

安琪超级酿酒干酵母在酒精浓醪发酵中的应用

采用安琪超级酿酒干酵母，以玉米、木薯为原料的酒精浓醪发酵，最佳工艺条件为：①液化条件：耐高温α-淀粉酶10～20μ／g，60～70℃润料30min，90～95℃液化90min；②糖化条件：糖化酶100～200u／g，无糖化；③pH：4．0～5．0；④发酵温度：30～35℃；⑤酵母接种量：实验室小试接种量为原料的0．2％，中试接种量0．05％～0．1％，大生产接种量在0．02％～0．05％。采用双酶法连续发酵工艺，要求原料粉碎细，料水比适当（1：2．3～2．5）。（小凡）     

葡萄酒厂供冷

葡萄酒生产过程中发酵温度的控制和葡萄酒的冷处理均需要提供冷量，因此冷负荷的确定和冷却方式的选择直接影响到葡萄酒的生产。1 需冷量计算1.1 发酵需冷量的计算发酵需冷量可按下式计算：Q=VsCP（tm-tg）（1）式中:Q－需冷量，KW；Vs－发酵液体积流量，m3/s；C－发酵液比热，KJ/Kg℃；P－发酵液密度，kg/m3；tm－发酵时的最高温度，℃；tg－发酵时许可的最高极限温度，℃；发酵时的最高温度tm可按下式计算：tm=t0+△t (2)式中：t0－发酵初始温度，℃；△t－发酵引起的温度升高值，℃；△t可按发酵过程中每生成1度酒精使发酵液温度…     

小容器酿造葡萄酒

小容器酿造葡萄酒要求原料必须正常成熟，原料预处理前降温至2℃；实验场地及用具要清洁、消毒，不锈钢设备及管道用1％的亚硫酸溶液消毒；干白葡萄酒发酵温度控制在10－15℃，酒精发酵温度控制在18－20℃；原料处理后用50mg/L的二氧化硫处理；干红葡萄酒浸渍发酵温度控制在20－25℃，浸渍5天，酒精发酵温度为15－18℃；葡萄酒陈酿过程中应冲氮密闭，并保证游离二氧化硫为30－40mg/L。装瓶前瓶必须清洗、杀菌、烘干。（孙悟）     

高蛋白含量的大麦在生产中的应用

高蛋白含量的大麦用于啤酒酿造生产中，在制麦工艺和酿造工艺上需做适当调整，浸麦水温控制在12－18℃，时间38－48h，水分43％－45％；发芽温度14－16℃，时间96－120h；绿麦芽干燥温度和时间分别为38－42℃、8－10h,62-70℃、7－9h，80－84℃、5－7h，控制整个干燥时间在24－26h；在糖化过程中，高蛋白含量大麦用量控制在30％以下，降低糖化温度为65℃，糊精与麦芽糖的比例控制在1：8．5，调整糖化醪的pH为5.4-5.6，煮沸麦汁的pH为5.2-5.4；控制发酵温度不超过10℃，以控制酵母的降糖速度，不致发酵过快。结果表明，成品啤酒的内在质量和风味稳定性都与原产品一致。（庞晓）     

稻谷小曲白酒生产工艺操作

稻谷酿制小曲白酒工艺主要有稻谷糊化、摊粮、下曲、培菌、入桶发酵和入甑烤酒。糊化过程中泡粮水温72～75℃，时间10．12h，初蒸20min，闷粮60．70min，复蒸60～70min，出甑熟粮含水51％～52％。第一次下曲温度45～55℃，用量25％；第二次下曲温度36～45℃，用量30％；第三次下曲温度35℃，用量30％。培菌糖化温度25～30℃，团烧发酵温度24．26℃。烤酒时控制接基酒综合酒度59％～62％(v／v)。     

沙棘果酒的研制

以沙棘果为原料，分别用发酵法和浸泡法生产出原酒，将两种工艺生产的原酒勾调出果香浓郁，口感醇厚的沙棘酒。发酵工艺为：果浆中加入4‰干酵母，于18－25℃前发酵10d;15-20℃后发酵30d。于10－15℃陈酿1年，再经澄清处理。浸泡工艺；分别用酒度25％（v/v)和20％（v/v）脱臭酒精，浸泡两次。沙棘与酒精比分别为1：2．5和1：1．5。将发酵酒70％，浸泡酒30％进行调配。     

玉米酒糟清液回用量的探讨

酒糟清液中含有丰富的蛋白质和氨基酸，清液回流，可为酵母的生长繁殖和发酵提供营养物质。不同的酒精生产工艺，酒糟清液回流量不同：高温蒸煮工艺，酒糟清液回用量为20％－30％；中温蒸煮工艺，回用量一般为40％－50％；LBW工艺及低温液化糖化工艺（液化温度85－95℃），酒糟清液可全回流使用。（晓）     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.