蔗糖和海藻糖对糯米淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性的影响

为提高糯米淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性,研究了蔗糖和海藻糖对淀粉凝胶析水率、质构特性、热特性及微观结构的影响。结果表明,经过5次冻融处理,蔗糖和海藻糖均能显著降低淀粉凝胶析水率,且添加6%蔗糖与添加4%海藻糖对凝胶析水率的影响相同。添加2种糖后,凝胶弹性增加,硬度先增大后减小。差示扫描量热仪测定显示添加2种糖的淀粉凝胶熔融焓/糊化焓均显著降低,表明淀粉老化受抑制,且抑制能力为海藻糖大于蔗糖。利用扫描电镜观察凝胶微观结构发现,添加海藻糖的淀粉凝胶表面光滑平整,凹洞较小,基质较紧密。与蔗糖相比,海藻糖更能提高糯米淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性。     

豆类淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本文研究了豌豆淀粉、绿豆淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。分析了添加不同含量淀粉时,鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性、蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间(T2)和微观结构的变化规律。结果表明,添加8%,10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著增加鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性,同时明显降低蒸煮损失。低场核磁共振显示,淀粉对鱼糜凝胶的横向弛豫时间T21和T22影响较小,对T23和T24的影响较大,尤其添加10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著降低凝胶的T23和T24,减弱凝胶中不易移动水的流动性。与马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉相比,豌豆淀粉在添加量为4%时便可以显著增强鱼糜制品的凝胶强度和持水性,同时明显降低其蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间T23和T24。添加马铃薯淀粉(10%)、绿豆淀粉(10%)或者豌豆淀粉(4%)后的鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶均可以形成相当均匀、致密的空间凝胶网络结构。     

三种食品添加剂对粉圆抗老化特性的研究

煮熟的粉圆在储藏过程中容易发生老化。为延缓粉圆老化，保证粉圆在储藏过程中的口感，本实验将通过测定粉圆的质构硬度和感官评分来研究三种食品添加剂的添加量对粉圆老化特性及品质的影响。本实验将羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯、海藻糖、β-环状糊精三种食品添加剂添加到粉圆中，以质构硬度的增加率和感官评分作为评价指标，通过单因素实验和正交试验确定粉圆的最佳抗老化配方。在单因素分析中，粉圆的感官评分随羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯与木薯淀粉的比例、海藻糖添加量以及β-环状糊精添加量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势；粉圆的硬度增加率随羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯与木薯淀粉比例、海藻糖添加量增加而逐渐减小，随β-环状糊精添加量的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势。以硬度增加率为评价指标，通过正交试验优化粉圆抗老化工艺。最佳抗老化配方：羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯和木薯淀粉以5∶5比例复配，以淀粉总质量计，添加35%的海藻糖和0.3%的β-环状糊精。按照最佳抗老化配方制得的粉圆在常温下放置6 h后，其质构硬度、感官品质与煮熟冷却后的新鲜粉圆相比变化较小，即粉圆的老化得到抑制。     

海藻糖对大米淀粉回生特性的影响

为探究海藻糖对大米淀粉回生特性的影响,使用原子力显微镜、低场核磁共振、傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析等方法,对淀粉分子结构、水分分布以及流变学和热力学特性进行了研究。结果表明:4℃回生3h和24h后,添加质量分数1.6%海藻糖的大米淀粉(T-淀粉)浸出的直链淀粉比大米淀粉分别降低了8.6%和11.5%。淀粉回生过程中分子链构象收缩,向有序规则化趋势排列,而添加海藻糖可以抑制分子构象的收缩。大米淀粉回生24h后有序程度增加了19.0%,而T-淀粉回生24h后有序程度仅比未回生淀粉增加了3.0%,海藻糖能显著降低大米淀粉体系的短程有序结构。T-淀粉与水分子的结合能力(强、弱结合水)显著高于大米淀粉(P<0.05)。T-淀粉体系中自由水的析出以及重结晶进程受阻,是抑制淀粉短期回生的原因之一。加入海藻糖后淀粉体系的回生焓和回生度均显著降低,且海藻糖带来的这种优势随着老化时间的延长越发凸显,T-淀粉体系长期回生的回生焓显著降低。因此,海藻糖不仅可以有效抑制淀粉的短期回生,对长期回生也有较好的抑制作用。     

海藻糖对中式糯米糕团品质影响研究

针对传统中式糯米糕团易失水老化的缺点,通过向其中添加海藻糖以提高传统糯米糕团的保质期。研究结果表明,海藻糖对中式糯米糕团制品的保水性、口感、硬度等品质有一定提高,并可在一定程度上抑制糯米糕团制品中淀粉的回生现象,从而延长糕团制品的保质期。其最佳添加量为米粉用量的10%。此外,通过低场核磁技术研究了相关机制,初步认为海藻糖是通过提高淀粉中水分子流动性抑制了糯米糕团制品中淀粉回生现象。      

漂烫对速冻薯条品质及淀粉糊化度的影响研究

研究以夏波蒂为原料,利用两种漂烫工艺制备速冻薯条,采用感官评价评定薯条品质。为获得高品质的薯条,首先测定鲜薯的理化成分(水分、淀粉、还原糖);其次探究预热、漂烫工艺对薯条淀粉糊化度的影响;最后测定不同漂烫工艺下漂烫水的糖度。以薯条品质、淀粉糊化度及漂烫水糖度为评价指标,对漂烫工艺进行参数优化,得到最佳的漂烫工艺参数:85℃漂烫6 min而后75℃漂烫20 min。在此条件下薯条淀粉完全糊化,薯条炸后的感官评分高达95。研究结果表明:漂烫工艺对薯条品质有影响;随着漂烫时间和温度的增加,薯条的糊化度增大,漂烫水的糖度升高;高温短时与低温长时相结合的两步漂烫工艺更合理,该研究结果为薯条漂烫工艺的研究提供理论依据和技术支持。     

基于海藻糖保护的预烤冷冻面包贮藏品质改善的研究

预烤冷冻面包以其方便快捷日益受到消费者的接受和喜爱,但在冷冻储运中由于温度的波动易造成品质下降。本研究以海藻糖为抗冻保护剂,考察了不同海藻糖添加量（0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%）及不同冻融循环周次（0~5个周次的冻融处理）对复烤面包质构特性、热重特性、感官品质、气孔结构及微观结构的影响。结果表明,在0~5个冻融周次下,硬度、咀嚼性不断增加,弹性、回复性、黏聚性、整体接受度不断降低,海藻糖的添加有效地阻止了劣变的程度,海藻糖添加量为0.6%的改善效果最为显著;随着海藻糖含量的增加和冻融周期的增加,复烤面包重量百分比呈下降趋势,且在40~60 ℃区间内,其重量百分比减少明显加快,以0.6%~1.0%添加量的下降速率减缓较为显著。当海藻糖的添加量为0.6%时,面包芯横切面细腻、空隙均匀、组织状态好,气孔持气率和稳定性得以提高,蛋白网络连续,淀粉颗粒得以均匀包裹;随着冻融周期的变化,复烤面包的横切面表面变得干燥且不均匀,气孔结构变得疏松,面筋蛋白网络虽逐渐减少且不连续,但淀粉颗粒却得以被面筋网络较均匀包裹,并少有不完整。     

非油炸方便面复水性的改善研究

探讨了干燥温度对非油炸方便面复水性的影响,研究了变性淀粉、复合磷酸盐、单甘酯和瓜尔豆胶在改善复水性中的作用。实验结果表明,最佳干燥工艺条件为105℃、30min,当添加变性淀粉6%、复合磷酸盐0.2%、单甘酯0.1%、瓜尔豆胶0.3%时,可以做出复水性好、口感佳的方便面。     

豌豆抗性淀粉制备工艺优化及理化性质研究

采用压热-普鲁兰酶酶解豌豆淀粉制备豌豆抗性淀粉,并测定豌豆抗性淀粉理化性质。以3,5-二硝基水杨酸测得抗性淀粉产率为参考指标,在单因素试验基础上进行响应面试验优化豌豆抗性淀粉制备工艺,并测定最佳条件下豌豆抗性淀粉的理化性质。结果表明,最佳制备工艺条件为：酶解pH 5.4、酶添加量17.3 U/mL、酶解温度53 ℃、老化时间23 h。在此优化条件下,豌豆抗性淀粉产率为27.51%。理化性质分析结果表明,与豌豆淀粉相比,豌豆抗性淀粉贮藏稳定性（透光率：1.48%～2.31%）、溶解度（0.064～0.524）均有所增大,冻融稳定性（析水率：0.549～0.679）、膨润度、平均聚合度（吸光度峰：波长612.0 nm～583.5 nm）均有所降低。     

高压均质处理淀粉及大豆分离蛋白凝胶性质研究

探讨不同添加量的不同变性淀粉对大豆分离蛋白凝胶性质的影响。将压热冷却高直链玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉制成糊化淀粉、老化淀粉、抗性淀粉,与大豆分离蛋白以质量比15∶85,20∶80,25∶75混合,在高压80 MPa均质两次,研究不同淀粉对大豆分离蛋白凝胶结构、质构及持水性的影响。研究结果表明,经高压80 MPa两次均质处理,大豆分离蛋白的凝胶硬度和持水性均增大;而不同添加量的不同淀粉对蛋白凝胶的硬度和持水性均显著增强(P0.05)。在淀粉添加量为20%的条件下,蛋白凝胶硬度最大,而各样品间凝胶持水性差异不显著(P0.05)。通过扫描电镜观察凝胶的微观结构,结果发现蛋白凝胶网状结构中产生孔洞,暴露出更多的蛋白结构表面活性基团,改善蛋白质功能特性,增大凝胶硬度并提高凝胶持水性。添加淀粉的大豆蛋白凝胶的亮度L*显著高于未添加淀粉的大豆分离蛋白(P0.05)。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.