不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向对林下参20 种单体皂苷含量的影响

采用同时测定20?种人参皂苷高效液相色谱法评价不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向对林下参皂苷含量的影响。结果表明,不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向林下参均含有14?种人参皂苷单体;与其他3?种林型比较,樟子松林型下栽培的林下参单体皂苷Rg1、Re、Rf、Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rg5含量与20?种单体皂苷加和值最高;与其他5?个产地相比,抚松县露水河镇林下参单体皂苷Rg1、Rf含量最高;3?种不同年生林下参比较,15?a生林下参单体皂苷Rg1、Rf、Rb1含量最高,5?a生林下参单体皂苷Compound?K、原人参二醇含量最高;3?种不同坡向相比,阳坡林下参单体皂苷Rb2、Rb3含量最高,阴坡林下参单体皂苷Rh2含量最高。不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向林下参皂苷种类相同但含量不同,5～15?a生林下参均达到2015年《中国药典》要求。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人参制剂中20 种人参皂苷方法的建立

为了更加有效评价人参制剂生产质量,建立了一种同时测定人参制剂中20 种人参皂苷的高效液相色谱方法。结果表明,20 种人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rg2、Rg3、Rg5、Rf、F1、F2、Rc、Rd、Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rh2、compound K、20（R）-Rh1、Rk3、Rh4、原人参二醇及原人参三醇均得到良好分离,线性关系良好（R≥0.999 2）。该方法快捷简便、稳定可靠,能够精确全面检测分析人参皂苷含量,对于人参加工品及其制剂的质量控制更为全面准确可行。     

超高效液相色谱法检测6种人参皂苷含量

采用超声提取药食同源植物(人参、西洋参、三七)中原人参三醇皂苷(Rg1、Re、Rf)和原人参二醇皂苷(Rb1、Rc、Rd),建立了超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。以50%甲醇溶液为提取剂,料液比1∶80(g∶m L),超声时间30 min。采用乙腈和0.05%磷酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为203 nm。该方法在质量浓度5~1 000μg/m L范围内线性良好,6种皂苷的最低检出限在22.5~51.0 mg/kg之间,平均回收率98.1%~105.5%。该方法准确、灵敏度高、重现性好、省时快捷,适合日常、大批量样品的检测。用此方法测定市售人参、西洋参及三七样品,结果表明3类样品中原人参二醇类皂苷含量高于三醇类皂苷,三七样品中Rg1的含量比人参和西洋参高,西洋参中Re含量高于人参和三七样品,而Rf仅在人参样品中检测到。     

基于UPLC-QAMS同时测定参鹿酒中7种人参皂苷含量

该研究旨在建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)-一测多评(QAMS)法同时测定参鹿酒中7种人参皂苷(Rg1、Re、Rf、Rb1、Rc、Rb2及Rd)的含量。首先采用UPLC测定参鹿酒中7种人参皂苷含量，并进行方法学考察。然后以人参皂苷Rg1为参照物，计算其余6种人参皂苷的相对校正因子及含量，并考察QAMS法的耐用性。最后与外标法相比，验证QAMS的可行性。结果表明，7种人参皂苷在各自范围内线性关系良好(R2>0.999)，精密度、重复性及稳定性试验结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均<3%，加样回收率为100.13%～101.73%。6种人参皂苷的相对校正因子的RSD值均<5%，重现性良好。采用相对校正因子计算得到的13批参鹿酒样品中7种人参皂苷的含量与外标法实测值的相对误差(RE)均<5%，说明所建立的UPLC-QAMS法可有效、快速的评价参鹿酒的质量。     

人参山羊奶粉缓解体力疲劳作用及其标志性成分含量测定

以人参山羊奶粉为研究对象,采用高分辨液质联用技术检测人参山羊奶粉中标志性成分人参皂苷含量,对干、湿法制备的人参山羊奶粉中6种主要的皂苷类活性成分-人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rb2、Rc和Rd的含量进行比较;同时采用皮下注射氢化可的松(50 mg/kg)的方法造肾虚小鼠模型,对小鼠负重游泳时间、累计爬杆时间、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和血乳酸(lactic acid,LA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力6个指标进行检测;以确定制备方法并评价相应剂型的缓解体力疲劳的功效。结果表明,干法制备的人参山羊奶粉中标志性成分Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rb2、Rc和Rd的含量较高于湿法制备奶粉,为0.09±0.03、0.24±0.05、0.16±0.04、0.08±0.01、0.10±0.02和0.14±0.06 mg/g。体内研究结果表明干法制备人参山羊奶粉低、中、高剂量均具有一定的缓解体力疲劳的作用,在灌胃给予人参山羊奶粉后,低(1.580 g/kg)、中(3.167 g/kg)、高剂量(6.333 g/kg)三个剂量组小鼠负重游泳及爬杆时间均显著优于模型对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);给予中、高剂量的人参山羊奶粉可显著降低小鼠血清的丙二醛含量及小鼠游泳10 min后全血乳酸含量(P<0.05),其中高剂量人参山羊奶粉能显著降低小鼠游泳休息20 min后全血乳酸含量(P<0.05);中、高剂量组均能显著降低小鼠的血清尿素氮含量,提高小鼠的超氧化物歧化酶活力(P<0.05或P<0.01)。干法制备的人参山羊奶粉具有增强机体对运动负荷的适应能力,可后续开发成抗疲劳的保健食品。     

同时测定不同人参加工产品中20 种人参皂苷的UPLC-PDA方法开发和验证

建立一种简单、有效、精密和准确的超高效液相色谱方法评价不同人参加工产品的质量,同时快速测定20 种人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rf、20(S)-Rg2、20(R)-Rg2、Rb1、Rc、Ra1、Rb2、Rb3、Rd、Rk3、F2、20(S)-Rg3、20(R)-Rg3、Compound K（CK）、Rg5、20(S)-Rh2、20(R)-Rh2和protopanaxadiol（PPD）。采用二极管阵列检测器和ACQUITY UPLC BEH-C18（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相,流速0.3 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,梯度洗脱。20 种人参皂苷在31 min内可达到良好的分离,考察方法的线性范围、回收率、日内和日间精密度。在本方法条件下,线性关系良好,相关系数R2均大于0.998,日内相对标准偏差不大于4.65%,日间相对标准偏差不大于4.88%,回收率为85.71%～108.50%。方法检出限为0.81～3.10 μg/mL,方法定量限为2.88～10.00 μg/mL。本方法快速、可靠,已成功用于不同人参加工产品包括保鲜参、红参和白参中20 种人参皂苷的分析检测,有效揭示不同人参加工产品中人参皂苷含量水平的显著变化,可用于鲜人参及其加工产品中活性化合物的分析和质量控制。     

[1]保加利亚乳杆菌发酵转化人参皂苷工艺研究

摘 要: 目的 以人参为原料, 通过保加利亚乳杆菌发酵提高人参皂苷含量。方法 利用单因素试验和响应面法优化发酵工艺, 并对发酵过程中原型人参皂苷生物转化可能途径进行分析。结果 在发酵培养基为MRS液体培养基的前提下, 最适发酵条件为发酵温度40℃, 发酵时间3 d, 接种量3%, 转化稀有人参皂苷含量在150 μg/mL。经对比发现, 原参中检测出Re、Rg1、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rd、Rh1 7种皂苷, 经过发酵后的人参中检测出Re、Rg1、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rh1、Rd、R-rg3、CK 9种皂苷。同时原参中的常规皂苷含量经发酵后有所下降, 稀有皂苷含量有所增加, 且多酚、黄酮含量增加, 总糖含量减少, 发酵过程中人参皂苷生物转化的可能途径与人参皂苷含量变化趋势一致。结论 保加利亚乳杆菌发酵人参能够有效将原型皂苷转化成稀有人参皂苷, 为人参的深加工奠定基础, 为人参发酵产品的开发和利用提供参考。     

人参果蔬酵素中人参皂甙含量的测定

建立高效液相法色谱测定人参果蔬酵素中的人参皂甙Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rd的含量,用于评价产品的优劣。色谱条件:Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈与0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾水溶液,流速1 m L/min,梯度洗脱检测波长为203 nm。该方法对人参皂甙Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rd具有良好的线性,相关系数在0.999 3~0.999 9之间;重复性和精密度良好,样品加标回收率在92.00%~101.50%之间。RSD小于5%;检出限低。该方法线性范围广,准确性和精密度良好,操作较简便,结果满意,能满足日常检验要求。     

人参-虫草双向固体发酵过程中人参皂苷含量变化研究

研究人参-冬虫夏草双向固体发酵过程中主要人参皂苷的组成和含量变化,为发酵产物的质量控制和开发利用提供理论依据。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术对发酵过程及产物中人参皂苷进行定性定量分析。结果表明,人参-虫草双向固体发酵产物中共鉴定出11种皂苷。其在200～1 500 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好（R2＞0.999）,加标回收率范围为95.13%～105.04%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.85%～2.36%,精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均＜2.6%,表明该检测方法精密度、准确度、稳定性及重复性良好。人参-虫草双向固体发酵过程中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1含量明显降低,人参皂苷Rh1、Rg2、Rd、Rg3、F2含量明显增加。     

基于酿酒酵母体系的人参皂苷抗衰老活性筛选及评价

以酿酒酵母作为模式生物对人参皂苷进行抗衰老活性筛选并对其活性展开初步探讨。基于模式菌酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742）的生长曲线筛选出人参皂苷的最适给药浓度,在此基础上,根据酵母的生长曲线和超氧化物歧化酶SOD活性筛选八种人参皂苷单体Rb1、Rb2、Rg1、Rg2、Rg3、Rh1、Rh2、Rd的抗衰老作用,找出效果最佳的一种单体皂苷,再通过抗氧化指标检测及细胞形态变化分析,初步探究人参皂苷的抗衰老作用。同时提取酿酒酵母蛋白进行蛋白组学分析,确定具有显著差异的蛋白,结合GO富集分析相关生物学分析,对差异蛋白的功能通路、属性和代谢通路等进行分析研究。结果表明,人参皂苷的最适给药浓度是180 μg/mL,常用的八种单体皂苷中人参皂苷Rg1具有明显的抗衰老作用,能延缓酵母进入衰亡期。人参皂苷Rg1可以不同程度提高酵母细胞内的抗氧化酶:超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,减少活性氧（ROS）含量和丙二醛（MDA）含量。蛋白组学分析结果显示人参皂苷延缓酿酒酵母衰老可能与14个显著差异蛋白有关,同时与细胞代谢有密切关系。     

人参果浆中人参皂苷Re的提取和生物转化

为了充分利用人参资源,本文以加工厂废弃的人参果浆为原料,分析人参果浆中的皂苷含量和组成,并从中提取人参皂苷Re,以人参皂苷Re为底物,采用人参自身酶为催化剂,生物转化得到人参皂苷Rg2组。结果表明,人参加工厂废弃果浆的干品中,皂苷含量为6.21%(W/W),其中人参皂苷Re的含量为55.1%(W/W)。从果浆的干品中提取纯化得到了人参皂苷Re,得率为2.4%(W/W)。人参皂苷Re生物转化制备得到人参皂苷Rg2组,得率为65%(W/W)。经高效液相色谱(HPLC)及超高效液相-四级杆飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)分析得出,人参皂苷Rg2组由20(S)-Rg2、20(R)-Rg2、Rg4和Rg6组成,本论文为人参加工厂废弃果浆的综合利用提供了理论依据。     

Retention of Ginsenosides in Dried Ginseng Root: Comparison of Drying Methods

North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has a long history of use and is currently a commercially reliable natural health commodity. Ginsenosides or triterpene saponins are generally regarded as bioactive constituents for several observed health effects associated with ginseng. North American ginseng was dried using 3 different drying techniques to assess the ginsenoside content of prepared extracts. Drying methods included freeze‐drying (FD), air‐drying (AD), and vacuum microwave‐drying (VMD) of ginseng root. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that FD ginseng processing gave greater (P≥ 0.05) amounts of the fingerprint ginsenosides Rg1 (28 ± 0.9 mg/g, dry weight) and Re (45 ± 0.1) compared with AD (Rg1 19 ± 0.7, Re 29 ± 0.1) and VMD (Rg1 22 ± 0.8, Re 24 ± 0.1); whereas, VMD produced greater amounts of Rb1 (83 ± 0.1) and Rd (13 ± 0.0) than FD (Rb1 62 ± 0.1, Rd 9 ± 0.1) and AD (Rb1 69 ± 0.1, Rd 5 ± 0.0), respectively. Total ginsenoside content was similar for FD and VMD and was the lowest (P≥ 0.05) for AD. Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) analysis showed a total of 12 compounds detected in FD ginseng compared with 10 compounds in ginseng dried by both VMD and AD. Our results support the fact that FD and VMD drying methods of North American ginseng can improve both extraction efficiency and actual retention of individual ginsenoside in root material.     

不同种类人参及其各部位中皂苷组成和比例的研究

研究了不同种类人参中皂苷含量 ,以及人参不同部位中的皂苷成分及比例。总皂苷含量测定结果为 ,三七参根中含 14 .2 % ,西洋参须中含 10 .1% ,人参根中含 4.4% ,人参头中含 8.6% ,人参皮中含 6.7% ,人参叶中含 7.7% ,人参须中含 9.9%。对西洋参须、三七参根及吉林产的人参头、人参皮、人参叶、人参根、人参须中的总皂苷作TLC检测及薄层扫描表明 ,三七参根中Rg1含量最高 ,西洋参须中Rb1含量最高 ,人参根中Rd的含量可以忽略 ,人参叶中含有特征皂苷F2 ;它们的Rb1/Rg1值分别为 ,西洋参须中 2 2 .2 ,三七参根中 0 .6,人参头中 4.3 ,人参皮中 6.7,人参叶中 0 .2 ,人参根中 2 .4,人参须中 11.9。     

Ginsenoside Composition and Antiproliferative Activities of Explosively Puffed Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

ABSTRACT: The puffing process was evaluated as an alternative to the steaming process for producing a biologically more active ginseng product, like red ginseng, from raw ginseng. A puffing treatment of dried raw ginseng roots induced an overall increase in crude saponin content. As puffing pressure increased, the content of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2 decreased, while ginsenoside Rg3 increased significantly as compared to raw ginseng. The content of ginsenoside Rg3 in puffed ginseng at a pressure of 490 kPa was similar to that of red ginseng. Cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and HepG2) showed that antiproliferative effects of saponin extract of puffed ginseng increased with an increase in puffing pressure. Ginseng explosively puffed at 490 kPa had similar saponin constituents and antiproliferative effects as those of red ginseng. Practical Application: The puffing process could provide an alternative mean to produce functional ginseng products, along with a reduction in processing time as compared to traditional red ginseng processing by steam.     

Changes in ginsenosides and antioxidant activity of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with Heating Temperature and Pressure

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activity of fresh ginseng induced by thermal processing at different temperatures (25, 100, 121, and 150°C), pressure (0.1, 10, 20, and 30 MPa), and soaking solvents (water and ethanol). The levels of ginsenosides were similar trend with the pressure of 0.1–30 MPa, while there were significantly differences in heated ginseng with heating temperature and soaking solvent. When water and ethanol was used, the ginsenoside compositions significantly changed at 100 and 121°C, respectively, and it was rapidly decreased at 150°C. After heating, the level of 3 ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg1) decreased and that of 5 other ginsenosides [Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rg2(S)] increased up to 121°C compare to raw ginseng. Ginsenoside F2, F4, Rg2(R), Rk3, Rh4, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5, which was absent in raw ginseng, was detected in heated ginseng. Especially, ginsenoside Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5 were remarkably produced after thermal processing. After heating, the phenolic compounds (1.43–11.62 mg/g), 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) value (1.48–3.11 mg/g), and ABTS radical scavenging activity (0.66–9.09 mg AA eq/g) of heated ginseng were increased.     

高效液相色谱法测定人参酒中人参单体皂苷的研究

建立以NH2基键合相色谱柱、甲醇-异丙醇（60：40V/V）为流动相、配合二极管阵列检测器测定人参酒中单体皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1的方法。三种皂苷的检出限分别为120ng、167ng和297ng，实际测定了不同批号和不同品种人参酒样品中人参单体皂苦的含量。样品预处理简便、快捷、回收率高，分析方法灵敏、准确、重现性好，测定结果令人满意。     

Porosity changes and retention of ginsenosides in North American ginseng root using different dehydration processes

Air drying (AD), freeze-drying (FD), and vacuum-microwave drying (VMD) were applied to fresh North American ginseng roots to evaluate the effect of different drying techniques on pore characteristics and the subsequent recovery of ginsenoside content. FD ginseng root produced the lowest reductions in both total moisture content and water activity (P < 0.05), with no differences noted between Ontario or British Columbia ginseng. Ginseng roots from Ontario and British Columbia sources were therefore pooled to conduct the root porosity and ginsenoside measurements. Among samples, FD ginseng obtained the highest total porosity followed by VMD and AD, respectively (P < 0.05). All dehydrated samples had a porous structure with sizes that ranged from 0.002 μm to 172 μm, dominated by macropores (>1.5 μm). Pore characteristics of dried ginseng root were shown to affect recovery of ginsenosides, with the general trend being an increase in total porosity resulting in an increase in total ginsenoside recovered. High performance liquid chromatography results obtained on specific ginsenosides showed that AD of ginseng root resulted in the lowest recovery of total ginsenosides, most notably, Rg1 and Rb1, followed by VMD and FD, respectively. There was no specific difference in total ginsenoside recovery from roots dried at increasing power of VMD.