Caffeic acid derivatives in dried Lamiaceae and Echinacea purpurea products

The concentrations of caffeic acid derivatives within Lamiaceae and Echinacea (herb, spice, tea, and dietary supplement forms) readily available in the US marketplace (n = 72) were determined. After the first identification of chicoric acid in Ocimum basilicum (basil), the extent to which chicoric acid could be found within the family Lamiaceae was investigated. The dominant phenolic acid in all Lamiaceae samples was rosmarinic acid, which ranged from 2.04 mg/100 g (one of 12 oregano samples) to 622.28 mg/100 g (lemon balm). Of the herbs tested in this study (marjoram, oregano, peppermint, rosemary, sage, spearmint, and thyme from the family Lamiaceae), only basil and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) contained chicoric acid. Basil samples (starting material and resulting end product) obtained from an industry cooperator, showed substantial phenolic deficiency as a result of processing (approximately 78% loss).     

Effect of drying temperature on the sugars,organic acids,limonoids, phenolics,and antioxidant capacities of lemon slices

Changes in contents of sugars, organic acids, limonoids, phenolics contents, and antioxidant capacities of lemon slices dried at different temperatures were evaluated. Air drying (AD) promoted losses of sugars, citric acid, ascorbic acid, extractable phenolics (EPs), and non-extractable phenolics (NEPs), while it introduced an increase in limonoids. Phenolics of lemon were mainly presented in their extractable form. Hesperidin and eriocitrin were the main EPs; protocatechuic acid and poncirin were the predominant NEPs. The decrease in extractable phenolic acid, EP, and NEP content in lemon is lower at low drying temperatures, while the increase in non-extractable phenolic acid content is higher at high drying temperatures. The antioxidant capacity of EP was higher than that of NEP. Phenolics contributed to antioxidant capacities of lemon slices, and flavonoids were the main contributors among phenolics. Considering limonoids contents and the high levels of EP, NEP, and antioxidant capacities, AD at 60 °C could be an appreciate treatment for dehydrating lemon slices.     

Efficacy of plant essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with ready-to-eat vegetables: antimicrobial and sensory screening

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils (EOs) against foodborne pathogens and key spoilage bacteria pertinent to ready-to-eat vegetables and to screen the selected EOs for sensory acceptability. The EOs basil, caraway, fennel, lemon balm, marjoram, nutmeg, oregano, parsley, rosemary, sage, and thyme were evaluated. The bacteria evaluated were Listeria spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas spp. Quantitative antimicrobial analyses were performed using an absorbance-based microplate assay. Efficacy was compared using MIC, the half maximum inhibitory concentration, and the increase in lag phase. Generally, gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to EOs than were gram-negative bacteria, and Listeria monocytogenes strains were among the most sensitive. Of the spoilage organisms, Pseudomonas spp. were the most resistant. Oregano and thyme EOs had the highest activity against all the tested bacteria. Marjoram and basil EOs had selectively high activity against B. cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella, and lemon balm and sage EOs had adequate activity against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus. Within bacterial species, EO efficacy was dependent on strain and in some cases the origin of the strain. On a carrot model product, basil, lemon balm, marjoram, oregano, and thyme EOs were deemed organoleptically acceptable, but only oregano and marjoram EOs were deemed acceptable for lettuce. Selected EOs may be useful as natural and safe additives for promoting the safety and quality of ready-to-eat vegetables.     

Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by Phenolic Phytochemicals of Selected Clonal Herbs Species of Lamiaceae Family and Likely Mode of Action through Proline Oxidation

Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive organism, is responsible for numerous infections ranging in severity from skin and soft tissue infections to endocarditis and septic arthritis. Further, Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) caused by enterotoxigenic staphylococci is one of the main food-borne diseases. In this study, several single-seed origin clonal lines of herbs from Lamiaceae family were screened for antimicrobial applications against S. aureus. These clonal lines have consistent total phenolic content, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity as opposed to heterogenous phenolic profiles of typical herbal extracts. The clonal extracts of specific herb species were evaluated for anti- S. aureus activity. Water extracts of clonal lemon balm had the highest anti- S. aureus activity followed by clonal extracts of rosemary RoLA, sage, oregano, rosemary Ro-6, rosemary RoK-2 and chocolate mint. The anti- S. aureus activity of the water extracts correlated with gallic acid and caffeic acid content, which in pure form showed high anti- S. aureus activity. Based on the rationale that gallic acid and caffeic acid were likely proline analogs affecting proline oxidation, the countering effect of proline to overcome their anti- S. aureus activity was evaluated. Results indicated proline can overcome the inhibitory effects of gallic acid and caffeic acid. These results point to the likely role of phenolic oxidation via proline dehydrogenase, which could be an important target for inhibition by phenolic phytochemicals behaving as proline analog mimics. This mode of regulation by phenolics at the bacterial proline dehydrogenase in the plasma membrane may be an important antimicrobial defense in plants and has consequences for disruption of critical energy metabolism of invading bacterial pathogen. This rationale could be used to design new antimicrobial strategies against S. aureus and other relevant bacterial pathogens.     

Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract

The leaf material of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was extracted with 450 ml/l aqueous ethanol by medium pressure liquid-solid extraction. The total phenolic content of the extract was estimated as gallic acid equivalents by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and a qualitative-quantitative compositional analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection. The lemon balm extract contained hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids with caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside, naringin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, naringenin, hesperetin being identified based on their chromatographic behaviour and spectral characteristics. The extract was also investigated for potential in vitro antioxidant properties in iron(III) reduction, iron(II) chelation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate), superoxide anion and nitric oxide free-radical scavenging, and inhibition of β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays. The extract demonstrated antioxidant activity in all the assays. However, it was not as potent as the positive controls except in the β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay, where its activity was superior to that of gallic and caffeic acids and statistically indistinguishable from quercetin and BHA. The exceptionally high antioxidant activity and the fact that this assay is of biological relevance warrants further investigation of lemon balm extract in ex vivo and in vivo models of oxidative stress.     

Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by Phenolic Phytochemicals of Selected Clonal Herbs Species of Lamiaceae Family and Likely Mode of Action through Proline Oxidation

Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive organism, is responsible for numerous infections ranging in severity from skin and soft tissue infections to endocarditis and septic arthritis. Further, Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) caused by enterotoxigenic staphylococci is one of the main food-borne diseases. In this study, several single-seed origin clonal lines of herbs from Lamiaceae family were screened for antimicrobial applications against S. aureus. These clonal lines have consistent total phenolic content, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity as opposed to heterogenous phenolic profiles of typical herbal extracts. The clonal extracts of specific herb species were evaluated for anti- S. aureus activity. Water extracts of clonal lemon balm had the highest anti- S. aureus activity followed by clonal extracts of rosemary RoLA, sage, oregano, rosemary Ro-6, rosemary RoK-2 and chocolate mint. The anti- S. aureus activity of the water extracts correlated with gallic acid and caffeic acid content, which in pure form showed high anti- S. aureus activity. Based on the rationale that gallic acid and caffeic acid were likely proline analogs affecting proline oxidation, the countering effect of proline to overcome their anti- S. aureus activity was evaluated. Results indicated proline can overcome the inhibitory effects of gallic acid and caffeic acid. These results point to the likely role of phenolic oxidation via proline dehydrogenase, which could be an important target for inhibition by phenolic phytochemicals behaving as proline analog mimics. This mode of regulation by phenolics at the bacterial proline dehydrogenase in the plasma membrane may be an important antimicrobial defense in plants and has consequences for disruption of critical energy metabolism of invading bacterial pathogen. This rationale could be used to design new antimicrobial strategies against S. aureus and other relevant bacterial pathogens.     

不同干燥方法对薄荷多酚、总黄酮及抗氧化性的影响

研究了3种不同干燥方法下椒样薄荷和苏格兰留兰香的多酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性的差异,并且对椒样薄荷和苏格兰留兰香进行了HPLC色谱分析。结果表明:椒样薄荷采用微波干燥处理,苏格兰留兰香采用风干干燥处理能够最大程度地保存样品中的多酚和总黄酮。椒样薄荷和苏格兰留兰香中均含有绿原酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸及迷迭香酸4种酚酸。椒样薄荷在风干干燥处理下绿原酸、咖啡酸和对香豆酸含量最高,迷迭香酸含量在微波干燥处理下达最高。苏格兰留兰香在风干干燥处理下绿原酸、咖啡酸和迷迭香酸含量达最高,对香豆酸含量在热风干燥处理下达最高,但与其它两种干燥方法无显著性差异。椒样薄荷风干干燥处理下其DPPH、FRAP和TEAC抗氧化性达到最大。苏格兰留兰香风干干燥处理下其DPPH和FRAP抗氧化性达最大,而TEAC抗氧化性在微波干燥处理下达最大。     

Effect of environmental factors [air and UV-C irradiation] on some fresh fruit juices

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of environmental factors (air and UV-C irradiation) on various common fruits juices (lemon, orange, papaya and grape). Total phenolics, total ascorbic acid (AA) content and antioxidant capability were determined in atmospheric air oxidation on fresh fruit juices, and the effect of UV-C irradiation on AA was investigated in both fresh fruit juices and commercial AA using RP-HPLC. The total phenolics content was found to be 92.46?±?1.5, 41.53?±?2.1, 138.56?±?2.3 and 110.54?±?3.9?mg/100?ml of lemon, orange, papaya and grape juices, respectively. DPPH radical–scavenging activity of the fresh juices was 94.53?±?3.1, 82.36?±?2.2, 94.65?±?3.5 and 90.74?±?2.6 percentage, whereas the 1-day-old fruit juices showed reduced scavenging activity when compared to fresh juices. Total phenolic (TP) and DPPH-scavenging activity were significantly decreased in the mean at P?<?0.05 level. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content of fresh fruit juices was determined through RP-HPLC; fruit juices that were kept in open container for 24 hrs and that were treated with UV irradiation have shown a decrease in AA content, when compared with control fresh juice samples. AA degradation increased with high significant differences at P?<?0.001 level, with the increase in oxidation time in atmospheric air and UV-C radiation.     

Composition of flavonoids in fresh herbs and calculation of flavonoid intake by use of herbs in traditional Danish dishes

Many herbs are known as excellent sources of natural antioxidants, and consumption of fresh herbs in the diet may therefore contribute to the daily antioxidant intake. The present study was performed in order to quantify flavonoids in commonly eaten fresh herbs. Fifteen fresh herbs (basil, chives, coriander, cress, dill, lemon balm, lovage, oregano, parsley, rosemary, sage, spearmint, tarragon, thyme, and watercress) were analysed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Five major flavonoid aglycones were detected and quantified by HPLC after acid hydrolysis: apigenin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin. The highest levels of flavonoids were found in parsley (510–630 mg apigenin /100 g), lovage (170 mg quercetin/100g), mint (18–100 mg apigenin/100 g), and dill (48–110 mg quercetin/100 g). Mass spectrometric detection, using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI), was used to verify the presence of flavonoids in the hydrolysed extracts of herbs. Some traditional Danish dishes contain herbs, particularly parsley, dill, cress and chives, and the contribution to the flavonoid intake by consumption of these dishes was calculated.     

干燥方法对柠檬果胶理化性质影响

为探究不同干燥方法对柠檬果胶理化性质的影响,实验以柠檬干渣为原料制备果胶,固定提取和浓缩条件,采用热风干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥及喷雾干燥等干燥方法对柠檬果胶进行干燥处理,研究不同干燥方法对柠檬果胶得率、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、能耗、复水比、凝胶强度及果胶结构的影响,采用变异系数法对各指标加权评分,确定柠檬果胶最佳干燥方法。结果表明:所有干燥后的果胶半乳糖醛酸含量均达到国标65%的要求;酯化度均大于50%,傅立叶红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry,FTIR)显示,不同干燥方法干燥后的果胶均具有果胶的特征官能团,说明所用干燥方法不会对果胶结构产生影响。不同干燥方法干燥后的果胶各指标均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),加权综合评分最高的方法是:60℃真空干燥,所得柠檬果胶得率、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、单位能耗、复水比、凝胶强度分别为17.84%、82.44%、73.16%、28.13 kJ/g、5.36%、149.71 g。真空干燥所需设备简单,且能耗相对较低、产品品质好,对柠檬果胶制备研究具有重要意义。     

Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils using food model media: Efficacy,synergistic potential and interactions with food components

The aim of this study was to optimise the antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oils (EOs) for control of Listeria spp. and spoilage bacteria using food model media based on lettuce, meat and milk. The EOs evaluated were lemon balm, marjoram, oregano and thyme and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined against Enterobacter spp., Listeria spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. using the agar dilution method and/or the absorbance based microplate assay. MICs were significantly lower in lettuce and beef media than in TSB. Listeria strains were more sensitive than spoilage bacteria, and oregano and thyme were the most active EOs. EO combinations were investigated using the checkerboard method and Oregano combined with thyme had additive effects against spoilage organisms. Combining lemon balm with thyme yielded additive activity against Listeria strains. The effect of simple sugars and pH on antimicrobial efficacy of oregano and thyme was assessed in a beef extract and tomato serum model media. EOs retained greater efficacy at pH 5 and 2.32% sugar, but sugar concentrations above 5% did not negatively impact EO efficacy. In addition to proven antimicrobial efficacy, careful selection and investigation of EOs appropriate to the sensory profile of foods and composition of the food system is required. This work shows that EOs might be more effective against food-borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria when applied to foods containing a high protein level at acidic pH, as well as moderate levels of simple sugars.     

气相色谱—离子迁移谱技术分析干燥方式对柠檬片挥发性物质的影响

目的：为柠檬片干制过程的风味品质调控提供参考依据。方法：采用气相色谱—离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)技术,结合主成分分析(PCA),探究冷冻干燥(FD)、热风干燥(AD)、红外干燥(IRD)及真空干燥(VD)对柠檬片挥发性物质含量的影响。结果：鲜柠檬与FD处理、AD处理、IRD处理、VD处理的柠檬片中均检出了72种挥发性物质,在各处理的柠檬片中含量不同,对柠檬片风味产生了影响,包括20种萜烯类物质、16种酯类物质、13种醛类物质、13种醇类物质、7种酮类物质、2种酸类物质和1种呋喃类物质。与鲜柠檬相比,4种干燥方式处理后,柠檬片中标志挥发性醇类和酯类物质含量下降,醛类物质含量上升,而萜烯类物质含量较为稳定。指纹谱图结果表明IRD和AD处理的柠檬片对于丁酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯保留效果较好,糠醛和己醛含量有所上升,PCA结果表明鲜柠檬片与干制样品具有明显差异,热图聚类表明IRD与AD、VD处理效果较为相似。结论：相比其他干燥方式,IRD处理对柠檬片的标志性酯类物质的保留效果更佳,高于其他处理组11%~27%,同时标志挥发性醛类物质含量增加较多,与鲜柠檬相比增加了53%,对其风味具有积极影响。     

低温真空膨化与自然干制对红枣抗氧化活性的影响

目的：研究低温真空膨化和自然干制对红枣抗氧化成分及活性的影响,为生产加工优质枣产品和低温真空膨化技术在红枣加工方面应用提供科学依据。方法：以矮化密植枣树所得枣果为材料,采用Folin-Ciocalteu与NaNO2-Al(NO3)3法测定总酚、总黄酮含量;通过DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+•清除能力、总还原力和抗亚油酸过氧化能力等指标表征枣果抗氧化能力;采用高效液相色谱法对酚类化合物进行定性定量分析。结果：红枣经膨化后总酚含量显著增加,而总黄酮未发生明显变化,自然干制使总酚、总黄酮含量显著降低。膨化枣DPPH自由基清除能力和总还原力显著优于鲜枣和自然干制枣,自然干制处理使红枣ABTS+•清除能力和β-胡萝卜-亚油酸抗氧化活性显著低于膨化枣与鲜枣。膨化枣中总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化能力显著高于自然干制枣。干制处理使枣果中酚类化合物组成发生明显变化,膨化枣中没食子酸、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、肉桂酸和槲皮素的含量最高。相关性研究表明鲜枣与干制枣中抗氧化活性与总酚、总黄酮显著相关。结论：低温真空膨化枣含有丰富的酚类化合物与最高抗氧化能力,且加工时间短,口感酥脆香甜。综上所述,低温真空膨化技术可作为一种可用于规模化干制枣的现代化加工技术。     

Antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis and S fruticosa) and oregano (Origanum onites and O indercedens) extracts related to their phenolic compound content

In this study the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of oregano and sage samples was tested. Samples of oregano belonged to Origanum onites and O indercedens species, whilst samples of sage belonged to Salvia officinalis and S fruticosa species. Two methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of sage and oregano extracts: the crocin test and the Rancimat test. The methanolic extracts were also analysed by HPLC for the qualitative/quantitative determination of phenolic compounds. The total phenolic compound content of oregano samples showed no significant differences between the two species, but rosmarinic acid was present in higher amount in O indercedens. Carvacrol content sharply differentiated flowers from leaves. Samples of O indercedens had a higher antioxidant activity evaluated by the crocin test, whereas no differences were evidenced by the Rancimat test. For sage samples, carnosic acid and methyl carnosate showed a significant difference between the two species, with S fruticosa samples having a higher content than S officinalis samples. Samples of S fruticosa also had a higher antioxidant activity evaluated by the crocin test. The antioxidant activities of sage samples were, on average, higher than those of oregano samples. Some samples of sage had a very high antioxidant activity, with induction times more than 10‐fold higher than that of lard used as the reference sample. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant properties of tuna-skin and bovine-hide gelatin films induced by the addition of oregano and rosemary extracts

We have investigated the antioxidant properties (FRAP ferric-reducing ability and ABTS radical-scavenging capacity) as well as the light barrier properties of gelatin-based edible films containing oregano or rosemary aqueous extracts. For comparative purposes both bovine-hide and tuna-skin gelatins were studied. The oregano and rosemary extracts were first characterised by both their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, with the oregano extract showing the higher values. HPLC and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed qualitative differences between extracts although rosmarinic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound in both. After determining the total quantities of phenolics on films, the polyphenol–protein interaction was found to be more extensive when tuna-skin gelatin was employed. However, this did not clearly affect the antioxidant properties of the films, although it could affect the phenol diffusion from film to food. The light barrier properties were improved by the addition of oregano or rosemary extracts, irrespective of the type of gelatin employed.     

INFLUENCE OF ACETYL SALICYLIC ACID IN COMBINATION WITH FISH PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES ON HYPERHYDRICITY REDUCTION AND PHENOLIC SYNTHESIS IN OREGANO (ORIGANUM VULGARE) TISSUE CULTURES

Tissue culture-generated shoot-based clonal lines of oregano are being used to investigate the role of proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway in stimulating the phenolic antioxidant, rosmarinic acid (RA) and lignification, which was reported to be linked to guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity. One of the problems in oregano tissue culture is hyperhydricity and modifications of media are being used to control this physiological malformation. This study reports the reduction of hyperhydricity, stimulation of RA biosynthesis and lignification in oregano clonal line O-1 and O-5 in response to acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), fish protein hydrolysate (FPH, standardized mackerel hydrolysates) and combination of FPH and ASA (FPH/ASA). All treatments reduced hyperhydricity of both clonal lines compared to control. Following exogenous treatment with ASA and FPH/ASA, enhanced total phenolic content, RA content and concurrently higher levels of GPX activity were observed compared to control and FPH treatments. The concentration of total phenolics and RA as well as GPX activity in O-5 clonal line was higher than in O-1 clonal line either on day 15 or day 30. Antioxidant activity of the phenolic extracts of all cultures was high on day 30 compared to day 15 and FPH/ASA treatment had the highest activity on both days. The concentration of chlorophyll in O-1 was higher than in 0–5 and the concentration in both lines were similar in response to respective treatments. The stimulation of RA synthesis in response to ASA and FPH/ASA provided strong clues that ASA can be used as an abiotic elicitor for RA stimulation and mobilization of proline and/or glutamic acid in FPH and this may be linked to stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, driving key precursor metabolites towards shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. RA-stimulating compounds also enhanced total phenolics and hardened stem tissues, which correlated with higher GPX activity, indicating possible lignification due to polymerization of phenolic metabolites. This research also provides strategies to prevent hyperhydricity in tissue culture by ASA and combination of FPH/ASA and these were linked to lignification, high levels of total phenolics and RA. This improvement is important for efficiency and quality of in vitro plant tissue propagation and outdoor transplanting of elite phenolic antioxidant-producing oregano cultures. This research also provides insight into regulation of rosmarinic acid, a phenolic antioxidant relevant for food preservative applications.     

Effect of drying method on the antioxidant capacity of six Lamiaceae herbs

The present study investigated the changes in total phenols (TP), rosmarinic acid content and antioxidant capacity of six Lamiaceae herbs (rosemary, oregano, marjoram, sage, basil and thyme) after three drying treatments (air-, freeze- and vacuum oven-drying) stored for 60 days at −20 °C and compared to fresh samples. Ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were used as markers for antioxidant capacity. Air-dried samples had significantly (p < 0.05) higher TP, rosmarinic acid content and antioxidant capacity than had freeze-dried and vacuum oven-dried samples throughout the storage period. Fresh samples had the lowest values for the parameters tested. Vacuum oven-drying resulted in higher TP and FRAP values in rosemary and thyme during 60 days of storage than did freeze-drying. In ORAC assay, the difference was significantly higher only in thyme. Storage did not show any effect on the dried samples for the parameters tested.     

Effect of Blanching and Drying Temperature on Polyphenolic Compound Stability and Antioxidant Capacity of Apple Pomace

The effects of blanching and drying treatments on stability, physical properties, and antioxidant activity of apple pomace polyphenols were evaluated. Blanched and unblanched apples were extracted, and the pomace was dried in a cabinet dryer at a speed of 3 m/s at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. The color, total phenolics, flavonoids, individual polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity were analyzed. The blanching process caused a major retention in color, total polyphenolic content, and total flavonoid content for fresh apple pomace when compared with fresh unblanched pomace. Drying of either fresh blanched or fresh unblanched pomace caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in total polyphenol and flavonoid content leading to a reduction in the total antioxidant activity. When compared with the unblanched treatment, drying the blanched pomace at 80 °C resulted in a product with significant amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The individual phenolic compounds were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in blanched pomace that was not dried when compared with unblanched samples. Drying blanched apple pomace did not cause a significant change in the concentration of individual polyphenolic compounds, but drying unblanched apple pomace caused a reduction in the concentrations of epicatechin and caffeic acid, with an important reduction in p-coumaric acid at temperatures higher than 60 °C. However, the drying process caused a significant reduction in the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, a combination of blanching and drying processes for apple pomace results in a product that maintains antioxidant capacity.     

干燥方式对无核紫葡萄品质及抗氧化活性的影响

采用自然晒干、热风干燥、荫干和真空冷冻干燥4种常见方法对新鲜无核紫葡萄进行干燥,测定葡萄干的总糖、还原糖、果糖、葡萄糖、总酸、V_C、总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇、花青素以及感官指标、抗氧化能力。结果表明:不同干燥方式的无核紫葡萄干品质及抗氧化性差异明显。其中真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥速率最快,分别为3.5,3.0d;荫干速率最慢,为35d。真空冷冻干燥的无核紫葡萄干的总酸、V_C、总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇、花青素含量被最大程度保留,分别为34.6%、6.34mg/100g、8.28mg/100g、71.5mg/100g、182.3mg/100g、3.61mg/100g。真空冷冻干燥抗氧化能力强。相关性分析表明酚类物质含量与抗氧化能力有一定的关系。综合分析,真空冷冻干燥适合用于无核紫葡萄的干燥,能较好地保留其营养成分及抗氧化物质含量,抗氧化性强,可作为无核紫葡萄适宜的干燥方法。     

Effects of natural antioxidants in the improvement of corn oil quality: olive leaf vs. lemon balm

Commercially available corn oil was enriched in polyphenols by adding olive leaf and lemon balm extracts, respectively. First, dried and ground plants were extracted through homogeniser‐assisted extraction. Then, the dried extracts were partially dissolved into the corn oil by means of solid–liquid extraction method. Total phenolic content increased 9.5 and 2.5 times over the pure corn oil. The antioxidant activities of enriched oil by olive leaf and lemon balm extracts have been found almost 14 and 6 times higher than that of untreated oil, respectively. Olive leaf extract enhanced the quality better than lemon balm extract with respect to carotenoid (TCC) and chlorophyll contents. Addition of 0.12–0.15% natural antioxidants gave rise to increase in the stability of the oil (≈18%).