基于UPLC-Q-Orbitrap高分辨质谱分析贵州红茶的品质特征

贵州红茶因其生态优势，具有优良的品质。为深入了解贵州红茶的品质特征，采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱技术（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap）对选取的3种贵州红茶（遵义红茶、普安红茶、石阡苔茶）中的非挥发性代谢产物进行非靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明，通过色谱-质谱联用分析，鉴定得到3种贵州红茶含有的96种代谢物，主要包括黄酮类、氨基酸及其衍生物、核苷酸及其衍生物、酚酸等。通过主成分分析（PCA）可有效区分开3种贵州红茶，且不同品种间存在显著差异，根据FC值、P值和VIP值筛选出3种贵州红茶间的23种差异代谢物。代谢通路分析表明，其主要代谢通路是黄酮类物质的代谢，这可能是3种红茶滋味差异的影响因素。本研究从代谢组学角度揭示3种贵州红茶的代谢物差异，为茶叶品种鉴别提供参考。     

基于固相微萃取气质联用对贵州红茶香气成分特征的研究

通过采用固相微萃取气相色谱质谱联用技术结合感官评定法,对贵州9个不同产区56个红茶样品的挥发性香气成分进行定性及定量分析,并利用香气活力值、方差分析、香气三值理论等分析方法进一步分析各产区红茶的主要呈香物质和关键差异香气成分。结果表明,通过化学成分分析共鉴定了72种香气成分,感官评定结果为贵州红茶主体香气风格以甜香、花香和高香三种特征,且不同显香风格和不同地区的红茶香气成分差异明显,其中高香风格有7种物质和花香风格有4种物质含量相对较高,而芳樟醇是甜香风格的典型代表,有28种成分在不同地区间表现为显著性差异。结合“三值理论”和“竹尾忠一”的红茶分类方法与红茶香气成分的检测,其结果与茶叶感官评价结论一致,为深入研究贵州红茶品质及风味定格提供了理论依据。     

高分辨质谱结合分子网络分析红茶加工前、后多酚类物质的转化

为了探究红茶加工前、后多酚类物质的转化规律，采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术结合质谱分子网络分析茶叶样本。从加工前、后的茶叶样本中共检出250个多酚类化合物，其中儿茶素类化合物115个，酚酸类化合物62个，黄酮类化合物73个。在加工前、后共有的201个化合物中，174个化合物含量呈现极显著差异(P＜0.01)。红茶加工后新生成化合物49个，其中茶黄素类化合物21个。     

基于非靶向代谢组学比较不同发酵方式红茶滋味物质差异

目的 基于非靶向代谢组学,明确恒温发酵和变温发酵红茶的滋味物质差异。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法（ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer,U PLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS）对华蓥山不同发酵方式红茶的非挥发性化合物进行了非靶向筛查,采用Compound Discoverer 3.1和Chemspider软件对化合物进行鉴定,并结合多元统计学软件筛选特征差异化合物。结果 通过UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS检测到358种非挥发性化合物,通过正交偏最小二乘-重要变量投影（orthogonal partial least square-variable import project,OPLS-VIP）结合非参数检验,获得了具有标志性差异的成分91种（VIP＞1.0,P＜0.05）;变温发酵红茶有66种物质相对含量显著 高于恒温发酵红茶,有25种物质相对含量显著低于恒温发酵红茶。结论 该研究确定了恒温发酵和变温发酵红茶的差异滋味物质,为四川华蓥山红茶滋味品质的调控和加工工艺的改善提供了参考依据。     

基于UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS的“散茶发花”茯茶加工前后的物质变化分析

以大红袍、红茶与茯砖茶原料为供试原材料,利用超高效液相色谱电喷雾四级杆飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS)技术的代谢组学对不同茶叶原料茯茶的"发花"前后样品的整体成分组成差异进行了分析。结果表明,不同原料"发花"前、后间差异成分数量均有不同,各组差异代谢化合物个数分别为大红袍49个、红茶40个、茯砖茶原料49个;综合3组茶叶的具体差异代谢化合物,发现其从类别上表现出相似的变化规律,即酯型儿茶素下降的极为显著,而简单儿茶素除没食子儿茶素(GC)变化无明显差异外,表儿茶素(EC)、儿茶素(DL-C)、表没食子儿茶素(EGC)的含量较原料都有所升高,原花青素和咖啡碱、可可碱、茶碱、黄嘌呤与次黄嘌呤也有相同的变化;黄酮类化合物槲皮素、山奈酚、牡荆素和芦丁的含量均有不同程度的升高;而大黄素则是在各原料"发花"后均新增的蒽醌类化合物。     

基于广泛靶向代谢组学的不同产地红茶代谢产物比较分析

为探究红茶代谢产物的产地差异,本实验采用感官审评方法及超高效液相色谱串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）的广泛靶向代谢组测定方法,对福建省福安市和尤溪县产红茶中的代谢产物进行比较分析。结果表明:福安红茶以“醇和”的滋味特征为主,尤溪红茶以“甘醇”的滋味特征为主。利用代谢组学方法在两地的红茶中鉴定出黄酮、酚酸类、脂质、有机酸、氨基酸及其衍生物等共937种代谢物,通过主成分分析（PCA）和正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）可以显著区分不同产地红茶,并鉴定出410种具有显著差异的代谢物。尤溪红茶中有291种差异代谢物的相对含量高于福安红茶,其中紫云英苷、表儿茶素（EC）、L-谷氨酰胺、L-天冬氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-谷氨酸、绿原酸、苯乙胺和牡荆素-2'-O-鼠李糖苷等差异代谢产物对于两地红茶的不同滋味品质形成可能具有重要贡献。代谢通路分析发现,两地红茶的氨基酸和黄酮类物质代谢水平具有显著差异,可能是形成两地红茶滋味品质差异的原因。研究为茶叶产地鉴别提供理论依据。     

3种不同等级遵义红茶香气成分差异分析

目的 探究遵义红的主要香气成分, 对比分析不同等级遵义红茶的香气成分差异。方法 采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术对不同等级遵义红茶的香气成分进行测定并对其香气成分差异进行分析。结 果 本研究共检测出遵义红茶中54种香气成分, 其中遵义红茶的香气成分主要以醇类、酯类和烃类为主, 有少量的酮类、醛类、酚类以及酸类;醇类挥发性香气物质多呈花果香, 酯类化合物多呈现水果清香, 部分烃类或酮类如δ-杜松萜烯、茉莉酮等具有木本或花香的香气特性。不同等级遵义红茶中含量水平具有显著差异的香气成分有三种不同等级遵义红茶中大部分香气组分含量水平具有显著差异,如: 香叶醇、反式-橙花叔醇、橙花叔醇、棕榈酸甲酯、左旋-β-蒎烯、δ-杜松萜烯、茉莉酮、3-羟基-L-络氨酸等40多种香气成分香叶醇、反式-橙花叔醇、橙花叔醇、棕榈酸甲酯、(Z)-己酸-3-己烯酯、δ-杜松萜烯、β-愈创木烯、3-蒈烯、茉莉酮、2,4-而叔丁基苯酚、2,6-氨基庚二酸、反式-2-己烯基己酸等香气成分;结合热图分析结果,得出遵义红茶香气成分的相对含量大致分布为尊品>精品>特级。。结论 本研究明确了不同等级遵义红茶香气成分组成与差异, 为优化遵义红茶品质提供理论基础。     

云南晒青红茶与烘青红茶香气成分对比

采用顶空固相微萃取（headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱（gaschromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）分析3 种晒青红茶和3 种烘青红茶的香气成分,并利用主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）和聚类分析（clustering analysis,CA）找出这2 种不同干燥方式红茶的异同点,以实现对它们的区分。结果表明,2 种红茶中一共鉴定出香气成分76 种,香气成分主要以醇类、酮类和酯类化合物为主,其中醇类化合物相对含量在晒青红茶和烘青红茶中分别占57.43%和60.45%,主要包括芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、香叶醇和橙花叔醇等萜烯醇类物质。通过对比发现,晒青红茶和烘青红茶在香气成分的组成及相对含量上存在较高程度的相似性。但通过使用PCA和CA,晒青红茶和烘青红茶之间能实现较好的区分,说明不同的干燥方式对这2 种红茶的香气成分有一定的影响。因此,通过结合晒青红茶和烘青红茶的香气成分及相对含量,HSSPME-GC-MS结合多元统计学方法能够实现2 种不同干燥方式红茶的区分。     

非靶向代谢组学结合特征分子网络对不同等级抹茶非挥发性化合物的研究

目的 探究不同等级抹茶的非挥发性物质成分,分析影响样品代谢轮廓差异的非挥发性化合物。方法 使用高效液相色谱-质谱仪对抹茶样品中的非挥发代谢物进行检测,结合全范围天然产物社群分子网络对不同等级抹茶的差异化合物定性。结果 本研究在抹茶样品中共检测到784个化合物,其中553个化合物具有二级质谱图。样品等级影响抹茶的化学轮廓,样品依据轮廓相似性可分为两组。影响化学轮廓且有显著变化的差异代谢物共筛选出30个,其中29个化合物在样品3中含量更高,通过标准品和质谱图等方式定性了19个化合物,表儿茶素没食子酸酯、天冬氨酸、茶氨酸、精氨酸等。同时对4个等级抹茶中的儿茶素类进行探究,发现没食子儿茶素、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯的含量随等级的下降而减少。结论 本研究发现并定性了不同等级抹茶之间的差异化合物,为抹茶等级判定及标准化生产提供理论基础。     

不同茶树品种工夫红茶挥发性成分及其关键香气成分分析

为了探究不同茶树品种工夫红茶的挥发性组分特征及其关键呈香物质,该研究采用自动热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用仪（Automatic Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,ATD-GC-MS）结合相对气味活度值（Relative Odor Activity Value,ROAV）对不同茶树品种工夫红茶的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,从5个品种工夫红茶中共鉴定出96种挥发性化合物,共有挥发性物质的种类18种,包括醇类、醛类、酮类、烯类、酯类、酸类、烷烃类和其他类化合物。5个品种工夫红茶主要呈现花香、果香和甜香,其中癸醛、芳樟醇、苯甲醇、香叶醇、正己醛和异戊醛6种香气成分为共同的主要赋香物质。5个品种工夫红茶的挥发性组分及相对含量差异明显,其中,金牡丹含有较高的酯类和酮类化合物;金观音含有较高的醇类和醛类化合物;紫玫瑰含有较高的醇类和酮类化合物;梅占含有丰富的醇类化合物;福云6号含有较高的醇类和酮类化合物。此外,该研究结合ROAV值从5个品种工夫红茶中共筛选出7~15种对香气品质特征具有重要贡献的香气成分（ROAV≥1.00）。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the