牛磺酸对高胆固醇血症大鼠胆固醇/胆汁酸代谢的影响

为探讨在无外源性胆酸盐的务件下牛磺酸对高胆固醇血症大鼠胆固醇,胆汁酸代谢的影响,以8周龄雄性Wistar大鼠为试验对象,根据大鼠的体重和血清胆固醇水平随机分为对照组、高脂饲料组和牛磺酸组,分别给予基础饲料、高脂饲料以及添加了1%牛磺酸的高脂饲料.21 d后测定大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、肝脏TC、门静脉血和胆汁中胆固醇与胆汁酸含量、粪便中中性固醇与胆汁酸含量以及肝脏CYP7Al、空肠ABCG5,ABCG8和曰肠BABP的mRNA表达.结果显示:牛磺酸可显著降低高胆固醇血症大鼠的血清和肝脏TC水平,明显增加粪便中性固醇和胆汁酸的排出量.提示牛磺酸是通过抑制胆固醇吸收、促进粪便中性固醇和胆汁酸排出而起到降胆固醇作用.     

香榧籽油对高脂膳食SD大鼠脂质代谢的影响及机理

为推进对香榧籽油生物功效的认知,以高脂膳食大鼠模型评估香榧籽油的降脂、抗氧化功效及其作用机理。将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NF组）、2%香榧籽油正常组（NFO组）、高脂对照组（HF组）、2%香榧籽油高脂组（HFO组）。每周记录SD大鼠体重,分别在第4周和第7周检测血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、血糖（Glu）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白介素6（IL-6）、白介素4（IL-4）水平。在第7周处死大鼠,解剖取肝脏、十二指肠、脂肪组织,采用油红O、苏木精-伊红（HE）染色观察组织形态,并采用qRT-PCR检测肝脏脂质代谢相关基因的表达。结果表明：实验第4周,与NF组相比,香榧籽油能极显著降低SD大鼠体重（P<0.01）,整个实验周期内HF、HFO组大鼠体重无显著差异;与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠血清TG、Glu、MDA水平显著下降（P<0.05）,HDL-C水平显著提高（P<0.05）;与HF组相比,香榧籽油能显著降低大鼠血清TC、LDL-C和Glu水平（P<0.05）,显著提高SOD、GSH-Px的活性和T-AOC（P<0.01,P<0.05）。实验第7周,与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠血清LDL-C水平极显著上升（P<0.01）,TC、MDA水平显著下降（P<005）;与HF组相比,香榧籽油能显著升高大鼠血清TG、LDL-C、MDA、CRP、IL-4水平（P<0.05,P<001）;长期食用香榧籽油,大鼠肝脏、十二指肠组织中偶有炎性细胞浸润,脂肪组织细胞形态大小不均。NFO组大鼠肝脏AMPKα、SREBP-1c基因表达水平极显著高于NF组（P<0.01）,HFO组大鼠肝脏FAS、ACC、AMPKα基因表达水平极显著低于HF组（P<0.01）。香榧籽油可能通过调节AMPKα/SREBP-1c信号通路实现调节大鼠血脂、提高抗氧化水平的生物功效。     

黑米通过上调小鼠肝脏CYP7A1的表达调控胆固醇代谢

目的:研究黑米对小鼠血脂以及肝脏中胆固醇代谢相关基因及蛋白表达的影响。方法:雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组,以玉米淀粉为碳水化合物来源的高脂高胆固醇膳食组为对照,实验组分别在高脂饲料中添加白米(精)和黑米(低剂量C+BL和高剂量C+BH)代替玉米淀粉。测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,Real-time PCR(RT-PCR)法检测肝脏中胆固醇代谢调控相关基因HMG-Co A-R、LXR-α、SREBP-2、LDL-R、CYP7A1等的m RNA表达水平,Western blot法检测LDL-R和CYP7A1的蛋白表达水平。结果:白米组血清中TC、TG、HDL-C含量较对照组无统计学差异,但黑米组血清中TC和TG含量较对照组降低,且HDL-C显著升高(P0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示,与高脂组相比,黑米添加组LXR-α、SREBP-2、CYP7A1 m RNA表达水平均上调(P0.05)。与高脂组相比,C+BH组小鼠CYP7A1蛋白表达显著上调(p0.05)。结论:黑米调节机体胆固醇代谢平衡可能是通过升高血清中HDL-C含量,上调肝脏中胆固醇向胆汁酸转化酶CYP7A1的表达。     

牛磺酸对大鼠的减重降脂作用

目的:探讨牛磺酸饮水对高脂血症大鼠减重降脂的作用。方法:根据血清总胆固醇(TC)和体重将SD大鼠随机分为对照组、高脂模型组和牛磺酸(低、高)剂量组。对照组摄食普通饲料,其余三组摄食高脂饲料,牛磺酸组饮用牛磺酸水溶液。饲养12周后处死动物,检测血清TC、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)水平,血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力;粪便中总胆汁酸(TBA)含量;肝脏TC、TG、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、肝糖原的含量和GSH-PX酶活力。结果:高剂量牛磺酸显著降低高脂饮食大鼠的体重,两个剂量牛磺酸都可以显著降低大鼠附睾脂肪垫指数;高剂量牛磺酸显著降低大鼠血清TC、LDL-C、肝脏FFA和肝糖原水平,两个剂量牛磺酸对肝脏TC和TG均无显著影响,但都可显著增加粪便TBA含量;两个剂量牛磺酸都可以显著升高大鼠血清GSH-PX和肝脏GSH-PX、还原型GSH。结论:牛磺酸主要通过促进胆固醇转化为胆汁酸,并随粪便排出、加强脂质代谢减少肝脏FFA堆积、提高机体抗氧化能力等途径发挥减重降脂功效,但其减重降脂机制还需深入研究。     

黑米对雌性小鼠血脂调节的影响

黑米富含花色苷,花色苷具有降血脂、抗氧化、抗炎等多种功效。实验研究黑米对雌性小鼠血清胆固醇水平(TC、TG、HDL-C)以及肝脏中胆固醇代谢相关基因(LDL-R、LXR-α、CYP7A1、SREBP-2、HMG-CoA-R)调控表达的影响。以喂养高脂高胆固醇膳食的雌性C57BL/6J小鼠为动物模型,以喂食高脂高胆固醇膳食组为对照组(C组),三个实验组分别在小鼠高脂饲料中添加白米(C+W组)和黑米(B+L和B+H组)。测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平以及肝脏胆固醇代谢调控相关基因HMG-CoA-R、LXR-α、SREBP-2、LDL-R、CYP7A1等的mRNA表达。与高脂对照组相比,黑米可显著降低血清中总胆固醇和甘油三酯的水平;RT-PCR结果显示,与高脂组相比,黑米添加组LXR-α、SREBP-2、LDL-R、CYP7A1 mRNA表达量均上调,HMG-CoA-R mRNA表达量下调。     

沙棘熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤大鼠肝FXR信号通路的影响

目的:初步探讨沙棘熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤大鼠肝法尼醇X受体（Farnesoid X receptor, FXR）信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响。方法:6周龄SPF级SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组9只,分别为正常对照组、酒精模型组、熊果酸对照组和熊果酸+酒精组,干预时间为8周。采用苏木精-伊红（H&E）染色法观察大鼠肝组织病理学变化;测定大鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（Alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartateaminotransferase,AST）活力和血清总胆汁酸（Total bile acid,TBA）、肝脏甘油三酯（Triglyceride,TG）、总胆固醇（Total cholesterol,TC）含量;酶联免疫吸附（Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法检测血清细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α（Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（Interleukin 1β,IL-1β）、白细胞介素10（Interleukin 10,IL-10）含量;免疫印迹法（Western blotting）测定大鼠肝FXR信号通路相关蛋白表达情况。结果:与正常对照组相比,酒精模型组大鼠肝脏存在大小不一的脂肪空泡和大量炎性细胞浸润;血清ALT、AST活力,TNF-ɑ、IL-1β水平,TBA含量和肝脏TG、TC含量均显著升高（P<0.05）、IL-10水平显著下降（P<0.05）。经熊果酸干预后,肝脏脂肪变性得到明显改善,炎性细胞浸润减少;血清ALT、AST活力,TNF-ɑ、IL-1β水平,TBA含量和肝脏TG含量均有不同程度的显著下降（P<0.05）,IL-10水平显著提高（P<0.05）。Western blotting结果显示,与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠肝脏FXR蛋白表达显著降低（P<0.05）,CYP7A1和SREBP-1c蛋白表达均显著升高（P<0.05）;而经熊果酸干预后,FXR蛋白表达明显提高,CYP7A1及SREBP-1c蛋白表达明显下调,且差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:沙棘熊果酸能够明显改善酒精诱导的肝脏损伤,其作用机制可能与上调肝FXR、抑制CYP7A1和SREBP-1c的蛋白表达,从而维胆汁酸稳态、调节脂质代谢有关。     

植物甾醇酯对高脂膳食大鼠脂代谢影响及其机制研究

为了研究植物甾醇酯(PSE)对高脂膳食大鼠肝脏脂代谢的作用及其机制,将42只雌性SD大鼠随机均分为对照组、模型组和干预组,分别给予基础饲料、高脂饲料和高脂加质量分数2%PSE饲料24周。监测大鼠的体重;检测血清脂蛋白的水平和肝脏脂质水平;检测血清转氨酶(ALT、AST)活性并对肝脏结构进行病理学观察;分别用Real-time PCR和Western Blot的方法评估肝脏LXRα、CYP7A1、ABCA1、HMGCo A、FXR、SREBP-1c、PPARγ、SIRT1 mRNA的表达水平以及PPARγ和SIRT1蛋白的表达水平。结果表明,PSE降低了血清TC和LDL-C以及肝脏TC的水平,增加了血清HDL-C的水平(P0.05),改善了由高脂膳食导致的肝脏组织病理学改变,降低了血清ALT和AST的水平(P0.05)。PSE增加了肝脏SIRT1 mRNA的表达,减少了CYP7A1mRNA和PPARγmRNA以及PPARγ蛋白的表达(P0.05),对LXRα、ABCA1、HMGCo A、FXR和SREBP-1c mRNA的表达以及SIRT1蛋白的表达没有显著作用。     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖通过肠道菌群-胆汁酸途径发挥降脂作用

建立高脂饮食诱导金黄地鼠血脂紊乱模型,从肠道菌群和胆汁酸代谢关系角度探究魔芋葡甘露聚糖（konjac glucomannan,KGM）降脂机理。5 周龄地鼠随机分为Control组、高脂饮食（high fat diet,HFD）组、2%（质量分数,下同）KGM组、6% KGM组和10% KGM组,干预5 周后测定血清和肝脏脂质水平,并分析KGM对肠道菌群及其代谢物胆汁酸代谢的影响。结果表明,6%和10% KGM干预可显著降低血清中总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）浓度以及肝脏中TC浓度。HFD组分别与Control组、KGM组比较后共筛选出51 种差异代谢物,经类别富集分析后发现,胆汁酸类物质种类在所有代谢物类别中占比最高（24%）。此外,京都基因与基因组百科全书代谢物通路富集分析显示初级胆汁酸合成代谢途径存在差异。盲肠内容物肠道菌群分析及胆汁酸测定结果表明,6%和10% KGM干预后嗜胆菌属（Bilophila）以及具有胆盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase,BSH）活力的双歧杆菌属（Bifidobacterium）和乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）相对丰度显著下降,且脱氧胆酸（deoxycholic acid,DCA）和石胆酸（lithocholic acid,LCA）含量降低。此外,在6% KGM干预组中,肝脏中胆汁酸合成关键酶胆固醇7α-羟化酶（cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase,CYP7A1）的基因表达上调。综上,KGM可通过降低具有BSH活力的肠道菌群和嗜胆菌属相对丰度及上调CYP7A1基因表达调节机体胆汁酸水平,从而改善机体脂质代谢紊乱。     

不同蛋白质摄入量对限能超重大鼠肝脏脂联素信号通路的影响

目的：研究不同蛋白质摄入量对低能量摄入状态下的SD超重雄性大鼠肝脏脂联素信号通路的影响。方法：36 只SD雄性大鼠随机取6 只为正常对照组（NC），另外30 只为造模组，给予高脂饲料，9 周后选造模成功的16 只大鼠（体质量为NC组平均体质量的1.1 倍以上）随机均分为模型对照组（MC）、低能量低蛋白组（LP）、低能量正常蛋白组（NP）、低能量高蛋白组（HP），进行能量和蛋白控制，喂养9 周，测定各组大鼠的体质量、体脂肪质量、肝质量、肝脏脂肪质量、血清脂联素（adiponectin，APN）质量浓度和肝脏AMP活化蛋白激酶（AMP-activated protein kinase，AMPK）、固醇调节元件蛋白1c（sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c，SREBP-1c）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（acetyl-CoA carboxylase，ACC）、脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthase，FAS）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α（peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors，PPARα）、肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1（carnitine palmitoyl transterase-1，CPT-1）水平。结果：干预9 周后，与MC组相比，干预组体脂肪质量、肝质量、肝脏脂肪质量、肝脏中SREBP-1c、ACC、FAS水平均显著降低（P＜0.05），血清APN水平和肝脏中AMPK、PPARα、CPT-1水平均显著升高（P＜0.05），3 个干预组之间体质量、体脂肪质量、肝质量、肝脏中AMPK水平无显著性差异（P＞0.05），与LP、NP组相比，HP组肝脏脂肪质量显著降低（P＜0.05），血清APN和肝脏SREBP-1c、ACC、FAS、PPARα、CPT-1质量浓度显著升高（P＜0.05）。结论：能量控制后，超重雄鼠肝脏APN-AMPK、APN-PPARα-CPT-1信号通路中各因子水平都显著提高（P＜0.05），在一定程度上减轻了超重大鼠的体质量、肝质量和肝脏脂肪质量；在能量限制一致的情况下，高蛋白摄入能促进APN-PPARα信号通路的激活，从而减轻了超重大鼠的肝脏脂肪质量，而对体质量、体脂肪质量、肝质量影响不显著（P＞0.05）。     

发酵麦胚对高脂模型大鼠胆固醇水平的调节

目的:探讨发酵麦胚对高脂模型大鼠胆固醇水平的调节及可能的作用机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠,根据体质量和血清胆固醇水平随机分组,每组10只,空白组自由取食基础饲料和饮水,模型组、液低组、液中组、液高组、渣低组、渣中组、渣高组自由取食高脂饲料和饮水,每天固定时间灌胃,空白组和模型组灌胃同体积水,其他组分别灌胃221、442、884 mg/(kg·d)的发酵液冻干粉和沉淀物冻干粉。60 d后测血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)含量、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)含量、肝脏TC含量、胆固醇7α-羟化酶(cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase,CYP7A1)活性、排便量和粪便胆汁酸含量。结果:模型组血清TC含量极显著高于空白组(P0.01),高胆固醇血症模型构建成功;液低组、渣中组大鼠血清TC含量分别显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)低于模型组;各受试组肝脏TC含量、排便量和粪便胆汁酸排出量均高于模型组,但未达显著水平(P0.05)。结论:发酵麦胚降血清胆固醇效果明确,且具有时间效应和剂量效应关系;其作用途径可能与促进血清胆固醇向肝脏转运、增加胆固醇向胆汁酸转化以及增加排便量有关。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.