Recovery of volatile fruit juice aroma compounds by membrane technology: Sweeping gas versus vacuum membrane distillation

The influence of temperature (10–45 °C), feed flow rate (300–500 L/h) and sweeping gas flow rate (1.2–2 m³/h) on the recovery of berry fruit juice aroma compounds by sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) was examined on an aroma model solution and on black currant juice in a lab scale membrane distillation set up. The data were compared to recovery of the aroma compounds by vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). The flux of SGMD increased with an increase in temperature, feed flow rate or sweeping gas flow rate. Increased temperature and feed flow rate also increased the concentration factors (C_permeate/C_feed) of the aroma compounds. At 45 °C the most volatile and hydrophobic aroma compounds obtained the highest concentration factors: 12.1–9.3 (black currant juice) and 17.2–12.8 (model solution). With black currant juice a volume reduction of 13.7% (vol.%) at 45 °C, 400 L/h, resulted in an aroma recovery of 73–84 vol.% for the most volatile compounds. Compared to VMD, the aroma recovery with SGMD was less influenced by the feed flow rate but more influenced by the temperature. Higher fluxes were achieved during concentration by VMD and this reduced the operation time, which in turn reduced the degradation of anthocyanins and polyphenolic compounds in the juice.

Industrial relevance

High temperature evaporation is the most widely used industrial technique for aroma recovery and concentration of juices, but membrane distillation (MD) may provide for gentler aroma stripping and lower energy consumption. This study gives important clues about the fate of berry juice aroma compounds and polyphenols during concentration by MD, and identifies the main factors influencing the aroma recovery efficiency with MD. Both SGMD and VMD are promising techniques for gentle stripping of berry juice aroma compounds and deserve further consideration as alternative techniques for gentle aroma stripping in industrial fruit juice processing.     

Anthocyanins increase low-density lipoprotein and plasma cholesterol and do not reduce atherosclerosis in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits

Anthocyanin-rich beverages have shown beneficial effects on coronary heart disease in epidemiological and intervention studies. In the present study, we investigated the effect of black currant anthocyanins on atherosclerosis. Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits (n = 61) were fed either a purified anthocyanin fraction from black currants, a black currant juice, probucol or control diet for 16 weeks. Purified anthocyanins significantly increased plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Intake of black currant juice had no effect on total plasma cholesterol, but lowered very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol significantly. There were no significant effects of either purified anthocyanins or black currant juice on aortic cholesterol or development of atherosclerosis after 16 weeks. Probucol had no effect on plasma cholesterol but significantly lowered VLDL-cholesterol and decreased aortic cholesterol accumulation. The erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased by purified anthocyanins and superoxide dismutase was increased by both anthocyanin-containing treatments. Other markers of plasma antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzymes, protein and lipid oxidation were not affected by any of the anthocyanin treatments. Adverse effects of purified anthocyanins were observed on plasma- and LDL-cholesterol. These effects were not observed with black currant juice, suggesting that black currants may contain components reducing the adverse effects of anthocyanins.     

Effect of Ultrafiltration on Anthocyanin and Flavonol Content of Black Currant Juice (Ribes nigrum L.)

This paper evaluates the efficiency of ultrafiltration and the effects of processing on the total anthocyanin and flavonol contents of black currant juice at chosen operational conditions. Ultrafiltration of black currant juices was carried out using Biomax 100?kDa polyethersulfone membrane. Ultrafiltration was used to process the juice prior concentration by reverse osmosis; with the aim to enhance the efficiency of the concentration process in terms of permeate flux. To avoid the fouling of the membrane, the juices were depectinized with Panzym Super E liquid enzyme preparation. The ultrafiltration was carried out at a transmembrane pressure of 2?bars and the operating temperature of 25?°C. The effect of processing on the valuable anthocyanin and flavonol content of the juices was evaluated based on the results of high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. The article includes detailed analyses of anthocyanin and flavonol compounds of the enzyme treated and ultrafiltered juice as compared with the original juice. The results indicate that, due to the enzymatic treatment, the valuable compound content of the juice increases. However, the ultrafiltration process resulted in a significant loss of a valuable content; 54% of total flavonol and 50% of total anthocyanins maintained in ultrafiltered juice when compared to the feed samples.     

The effect of pre-treatment on the anthocyanin and flavonol content of black currant juice (Ribes nigrum L.) in concentration by reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis process for the concentration of black currant juice was carried using AFC-99 tubular membrane at 30 °C and 45 bar. The contents of selected flavonols and anthocyanins were analyzed after centrifugation; enzyme treatment by Panzym Super E and by Rohapect berry followed by centrifugation; and ultrafiltration black currant juices and juice concentrates. The total soluble solid (TSS) content of the juices increased from the initial 17.6–17.9 °Brix to 24–24.8 °Brix in the case of the centrifuged juice in the concentration process. Similarly, it increased from 14.5–15.5 °Brix to 23.1–23.4 °Brix for the Panzym Super E treated juice, and from 16.1–16.9 °Brix to 22.5–23.1 °Brix for the Rohapect berry treated black currant juices. The ultrafiltered juice had the lowest initial TSS content between 14.1 and 14.9 °Brix and it increased to 22.1–23.1 °Brix. The average permeate fluxes during the concentration process were 7.3 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for the centrifuged juice, 11.9 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for the Panzym Super E treated juice, 9.2 and 13.1 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for the Rohapect berry treated and ultrafiltered juice, respectively. Analysis indicated that the enzymatic treatment resulted in the increase of anthocyanin and flavonol content of the juices. The centrifugation process decreased the amount of anthocyanins and flavonols to some extent. The juice clarified by ultrafiltration had significantly lower concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols, while the juices treated by Panzym Super E had the highest levels of these flavonoids. This study recommends enzymatic pre-treatment by Panzym Super E, since it improves the permeate flux in reverse osmosis during the concentration process, and results in a juice concentrates highest in anthocyanins and flavonols.     

Effect of pectinolytic juice production on the extractability and fate of bilberry and black currant anthocyanins

Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and black currants (Ribes nigrum L.), dark blue berries rich in anthocyanins, were processed with an aid of commercial pectinolytic enzyme preparations, and the effect of processing on berry anthocyanins was investigated. The enzyme preparations were dosed based on their polygalacturonase activity from 1 to 100 nkat/g of berry mash. The juice yields were determined by weighing, and anthocyanin analyses were performed with HPLC. The bilberry and black currant juice yields increased significantly in enzyme-aided treatments with comparison to control, even with the lowest (1 nkat/g) polygalacturonase dosage. The anthocyanin yield increased by up to 83% for bilberries and up to 58% for black currants in enzyme-aided treatments as compared to control. The results showed that higher polygalacturonase dosage was needed for black currant to achieve the maximal juice and anthocyanin yields than for bilberries. The stability and the profile of extracted anthocyanins were greatly affected by the glycosidase side activities present in the enzyme preparations, which were able to hydrolyze certain anthocyanins to the corresponding aglycones. In addition, the data indicate that anthocyanidin rutinosides were more easily extracted than those of glucosides, which prevailed over the arabinosides and galactosides. Thus, prior to processing it is important to know the intact anthocyanin structures of the raw material, and the activity profile of the enzyme preparation to obtain optimal anthocyanin extractability and enzyme dosage.     

Bioactive compounds vs. organoleptic assessment of ‘smoothies’‐type products prepared from selected fruit species

The aim of this study was to determine the usability of fruits of selected species growing in Europe for the smoothies production. The organoleptic assessment, analysis of polyphenols and vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of products were determined. The panellists were most in favour of the smoothies containing cranberry, black currant and bilberry purees as well as juice from dog rose. Polymerised proanthocyanidins were found to predominate in most of the products, except for the black currant smoothies (B3) where the main group of polyphenols were anthocyanins. The content of proanthocyanidins was higher in the smoothies containing dog rose juice. The analysed products differed significantly in the content of vitamin C, as the highest content of ascorbic acid was determined in black currant smoothies with dog rose juice and bilberry puree (168.98 mg/100 g).     

Effects of different enzymatic maceration treatments on enhancement of anthocyanins and other phenolics in black currant juice

Pre-press maceration treatments with 10 different pectinolytic enzyme preparations were investigated in experimental black currant juice production using response surface design templates. Enzyme dosage, maceration time, reaction temperature, and degree of berry crushing were varied, and the juice yields, anthocyanins, total phenols, and turbidity in the resulting juices were compared for a total of 250 different enzymatic treatments. The yields of anthocyanins and total phenols in the juices ranged from 900 to 2200 and 3050 to 5100 mg/kg wet weight black currant mash, respectively. Juice yields ranged from 66.4% to 78.9% by wet weight of mash. Turbidity levels ranged from 25 to 916 formazan nephelometric units (FNU). The reaction parameters induced larger variations in the responses than the different enzyme preparations, but the cloned Aspergillus niger/Aspergillus aculeatus preparation Pectinex BE® consistently tended to be among those giving the best responses regarding anthocyanin yields, phenols, and low juice turbidity. The optimal maceration was achieved using an enzyme dosage of 0.18% by wet weight of berries with a reaction at 60 °C for 30 min on the most finely crushed berry mash. This treatment gave similar profiles of anthocyanins in the juices with all the 10 enzyme preparations. The same 10 juices all exhibited antioxidant activity against human low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro, but the antioxidant potency varied depending on the enzyme preparation used in the pre-press maceration.     

黑加仑果与果酒香气成分的GC-MS分析

采用顶空-固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)萃取检测鉴定黑加仑果实和果酒酵母1399酿造的黑加仑果酒芳香物质的成分和含量,对比黑加仑果实和黑加仑果酒的香气成分变化。从果实中鉴定出50种成分,占峰面积的84.22%,香气成分主要为2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇、4-甲基-1-戊醇、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、正戊烯、正辛醛、壬醛、己醛、戊醛等;从果酒中鉴定出48种成分,占峰面积的92.65%,主要香气成分为苯乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、苯乙醛等。     

红茶汁液态发酵生成的泡沫组成分析与调控

为明确红茶汁液态发酵过程中生成的泡沫组成,对通气发酵过程的泡沫进行分离,采用分光光度计和高效液相色谱仪分析茶多酚、氨基酸和茶皂素、儿茶素、茶黄素等非挥发性化合物,并采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析挥发性化合物的含量分布。结果表明：红茶汁匀浆和通气过程产生的泡沫中茶皂素、茶多酚、咖啡碱、部分儿茶素和茶黄素的质量浓度较隔离泡沫的茶汁中高,挥发物总量和癸醛、柠檬醛、芳樟醇、香叶醇和β-紫罗兰酮5 种呈甜花香化合物,己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙醛、水杨酸甲酯和(E)-2-己烯醛5 种呈青气化合物也有提高,这表明产生的泡沫会带走较多的品质成分。为保留品质成分,向红茶汁发酵液中添加消泡剂防止泡沫形成,发现体积分数0.2%的消泡剂可有效控制泡沫形成,对茶多酚、氨基酸的质量浓度无显著影响,对发酵进程无不利影响,而且可促进茶汁中挥发物的释放。     

外源添加茶汁或梨汁对梅占工夫红茶品质的影响

为探究外源添加茶汁或梨汁对梅占工夫红茶品质的影响,本文以梅占茶树鲜叶为主要加工原料,在加工过程中按茶叶:茶汁或梨汁比例为2:1(kg:L)的比例添加茶汁或梨汁,以不添加为对照,对所得工夫红茶进行整体感官品质、主要滋味以及香气物质分析。结果表明,外源茶汁或梨汁可显著（P<0.05）降低表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG）、表儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epicatechin-3-gallate,ECG）、表没食子儿茶素（Epigallocatechin,EGC）、表儿茶素（Epicatechin,EC）的含量,增加茶黄素的含量,外源梨汁所制工夫红茶可溶性糖含量分别较对照和外源添加茶汁处理高92.53%和95.31%,增强了成茶茶汤的甜味,而外源添加茶汁可有效增加茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、没食子酸、茶色素及挥发性化合物的含量,其中挥发性化合物总量分别较对照与加梨汁处理的高6.36%和74.99%,且醇类、醛类、酯类和酮类化合物总量均最高,具有典型花香且含量最高的香叶醇在加茶汁处理中分别较对照和加梨汁处理高15.73%和79.64%,其成茶香气呈...     

Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylonitrile-co-Divinylbenzene (AN/DVB) Polymeric Resins for the Isolation of Aroma Compounds and Anthocyanins from Strawberry

In this study, the aroma compounds and anthocyanins were recovered from strawberry by using crosslinked acrylonitrile-co-divinylbenzene (AN/DVB) adsorbent. Suspension polymerization technique was utilized for the synthesis of adsorbent resins with a porous character, and the optimal AN/DVB and diluent/DVB ratios of the adsorbent were determined as 0.5 and 1.5, respectively. After that, packed bed applications were carried out using this adsorbent resin. The adsorption process was accomplished by passing 240 ml strawberry juice through the column, and the desorption process was completed by obtaining the eluate from the column in 20 ml methanol. Aroma compounds analyses were applied to the six samples of the column output and eluate which desorbed from the columns. All experiments were carried out in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. It was determined from the total peak areas that 90 % of the aroma components of the strawberry juice were isolated by the packed bed column. Total monomeric anthocyanins were determined via the pH differential method, and 279.5 and 256.58 mg Pg-3-glu/kg strawberry were found in the strawberry juice and eluate, respectively. Approximately, 92?±?1 % of the total monomeric anthocyanins were isolated from the sample. Finally, the prepared column system was reused six times by regeneration and each use gave a similar performance.     

Berry fruit teas: Phenolic composition and cytotoxic activity

A detailed phenolic composition analysis of dry chokeberry, bilberry and black currant fruit teas prepared on the most common ways — decoction and infusion, was performed, together with evaluation of cytotoxic activity. The most abundant in phenolics were chokeberry teas, followed by bilberry and black currant teas, while the highest anthocyanin amount was determined in bilberry samples. LC/DAD/MS method was used for identification of 17 anthocyanins, 11 flavonoids and 4 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Quantitative analysis of investigated teas was carried out by HPLC analysis, and major phenolic compounds in berry fruit teas were chlorogenic acids, quercetin glycosides and anthocyanin glycosides. Berry teas were investigated for cytotoxic activity against cervix carcinoma, melanoma, colon, and chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines, and chokeberry decoction was the most effective against all cell lines. According to the results obtained in this study, pure chokeberry, bilberry and black currant teas could be valuable sources of flavonoids and anthocyanins.     

Characterisation of sugar beet pectin fractions providing enhanced stability of anthocyanin-based natural blue food colourants

The bathochromic effect resulting from the addition of sugar beet pectin (SBP) to black currant juice, purified anthocyanins (ACN-E) and purified polyphenol extracts comprising both anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics (PP-E), respectively, were monitored by VIS spectroscopy at varying pH relevant to food formulations (pH 3.6–5.0). Furthermore, a low molecular pectic polysaccharide fraction (PPF) was isolated from SBP using 70% aqueous 2-propanol and further characterised with respect to its chemical composition and mineral content. The marked bathochromic effect was found to be due to the formation of anthocyanin–metal chelate complexes. Only at pH 5.0 SBP entailed a moderate bathochromic shift of 12 nm in model solutions containing ACN-E. This effect was enhanced in PPF model solutions resulting in a λ_max shift up to 50 nm, bringing about an intense blue colour. The bathochromic shift was boosted with increasing pH and upon purification of the anthocyanins. In contrast, after SBP and PPF addition to black currant juice, the bathochromic effect was almost annihilated. Model solutions were stored at 20 °C in the dark for 12 days, and optimum stability of the blue colour was observed at pH 5.0.     

苹果汁芳香物质的研究——传统蒸发、精馏工艺回收苹果汁芳香物质

为了评价用于芳香物质回收和果汁浓缩的蒸发、精馏设备的合理性及完善工艺,利用三效蒸发、精馏试验设备(PAF 53S,Unipektin)对苹果汁芳香物回收进行了研究。结果表明,芳香物在分离、回收过程中有相当部分被损失掉,回收率只有33.84％。这主要取决于芳香物的冷凝回收体系。醇类物质可以经过表面冷凝器凝结下来,而大部分酯和醛则要经过气体冷却器或真空泵循环系统沉降下来。精馏过程中芳香物在精馏塔内的浓度是非常低的,这一结果表明,对于苹果汁芳香物的回收可以不应用精馏塔这一昂贵设备。使用气体淋洗器增加了芳香物的损失,或者不使用,或者改变其结构。芳香物通过精馏塔水和冷凝水的损失可以忽略不计。     

黑加仑果酒酿造工艺的研究

黑加仑果酒是以黑加仑为主要原料,经过液态发酵制得的一种新型饮品。通过对果胶酶水解、酒精发酵过程的研究,最终确定了黑加仑果酒的酿造工艺。结果表明,使用0.55%果胶酶在35℃水解3h,黑加仑的出汁率为89.53%;黑加仑汁中添加50mg/L的SO2,然后接入活化4h的活性干酵母,30℃发酵7d,酒精度可达7.94%vol,酿制出的黑加仑果酒果香突出、口味柔和。     

Biological activity and chemical composition of different berry juices

Total phenolics, total anthocyanins, mineral content, radical scavenging activity and antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines were evaluated in fresh pressed juices of five different berries. Total phenolic content ranged from 133.0 to 260.3 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g of fresh weight, for red currant and black currant, respectively. Bilberry juice contained the highest amount of total anthocyanins (0.18%). Significant correlation between total phenolics content and radical scavenging activity was observed (r = −0.980; p < 0.01). All examined juices showed antiproliferative activity in dose-dependent manner with IC₅₀ ranging from 10.2 to 70.5 μl/ml. Black currant juice was the most effective inhibitor of proliferation in all cell lines tested (HeLa, Fem X, LS 174, MCF-7 and PC-3). Significant correlations of acidity and total anthocyanin content with antiproliferative activity of berry juices on HeLa cells, Fem X cells and MCF-7 cells were noticed. Berry juices are good sources of some minerals and contribute significantly to daily intake of these micronutrients.     

Berry components inhibit α-glucosidase in vitro: Synergies between acarbose and polyphenols from black currant and rowanberry

Polyphenol-rich extracts from certain berries inhibited α-glucosidase activity in vitro. The two most effective berry extracts, from black currant and rowanberry, inhibited α-glucosidase with IC(50) values respectively of 20 and 30μg GAE/ml and were as effective as the pharmaceutical inhibitor, acarbose. These berry extracts differed greatly in their polyphenol composition: black currant was dominated by anthocyanins (～70% of total) whereas rowanberry was enriched in chlorogenic acids (65% total) and had low levels of anthocyanins. Both black currant and rowanberry extracts potentiated the inhibition caused by acarbose and could replace the inhibition lost by reducing the acarbose dose. However, no additive effects were noted when black currant and rowanberry extracts were added in combination. The mechanisms underlying the synergy between acarbose and the berry polyphenols and the lack of synergy between the berry components are discussed. These extracts exhibited the potential to replace acarbose (or reduce the dose required) in its current clinical use in improving post-prandial glycaemic control in type 2 diabetics. As a result, these polyphenols may offer a dietary means for type 2 diabetics to exercise glycaemic control.     

脐橙全果酒发酵工艺优化及其与脐橙果汁酒风味物质的对比分析

以脐橙全果为原料酿造脐橙全果酒,采用单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验设计,分析酵母接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间对脐橙全果酒发酵的影响。结果表明其最佳条件为：酵母接种量6.4%、发酵温度28 ℃、发酵14d。同时,采用顶空固相微萃取法、利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对脐橙全果酒和脐橙果汁酒风味物质进行分析。结果表明：在脐橙全果酒和脐橙果汁酒中分别检出25 种和11 种挥发性香气物质,且脐橙全果酒的香气活性成分主要为萜烯类,占香气成分的66.00%,而脐橙果汁酒的主要香气成分为醇类,所占比例为91.95%。     

Effects of Juice Matrix and Pasteurization on Stability of Black Currant Anthocyanins during Storage

The effects of juice matrix and pasteurization on the stability of total phenols and especially total and individual anthocyanins were examined in black currant (BC) juice and mixtures with apple, persimmon, and peach juices at 4 °C and 20 °C. Total phenol content decreased in all juices at both temperatures but there was a trend to lower levels in unpasteurized over pasteurized juices. Differences in the decline of total anthocyanins between pasteurized and unpasteurized juices varied according to the juice type and the storage temperature. At 4 °C storage, anthocyanins declined in all juices according to pseudo 1st‐order kinetics and there were only small differences in the rates between pasteurized and unpasteurized juices. However, at 20 °C, although pasteurized and unpasteurized BC juices and pasteurized mixed juices followed pseudo 1st‐order kinetics, there was a different pattern in unpasteurized mixed juices; a rapid initial decline was followed by a slowing down. The effect of the added juice on anthocyanin decline was also different at either temperature. At 4 °C, the anthocyanins decreased faster in mixed juices than BC juice alone, but at 20 °C, at least in pasteurized mixed juices, the decline was similar or even slower than in BC juice; there were only small differences among the 3 mixed juices. At 20 °C, in pasteurized and unpasteurized BC juices, the rate of decrease was essentially the same for all 4 individual anthocyanins but in the mixed juices the 2 glucosides decreased significantly faster than the 2 rutinosides.     

Stability of black carrot anthocyanins in various fruit juices and nectars

Fruit juices (apple, grape, orange, grapefruit, tangerine and lemon) and nectars (apricot, peach and pineapple) were coloured with black carrot juice concentrate and stability of black carrot anthocyanins in these matrices was studied during heating at 70–90 °C and storage at 4–37 °C. Anthocyanin degradation, in all coloured juices and nectars, followed first-order reaction kinetics. During heating, black carrot anthocyanins in apple and grape juices showed higher stability than those in citrus juices at 70 and 80 °C. High stability was also obtained for the anthocyanins in peach and apricot nectars at these temperatures. Black carrot anthocyanins were the least stable in orange juice during both heating and storage. During storage, degradation of anthocyanins was very fast at 37 °C, especially in pineapple nectar. Refrigerated storage (4 °C) markedly increased the stability in all samples. Activation energies for the degradation of black carrot anthocyanins in coloured juices and nectars ranged from 42.1 to 75.8 kJ mol⁻¹ at 70–90 °C and 65.9–94.7 kJ mol⁻¹ at 4–37 °C.