闭式循环热泵干燥竹笋片工艺优化

利用闭式循环热泵干燥系统循环除湿,可降低干燥过程中竹笋氧化褐变及高温废气能耗损失。采用中心复合试验设计方法研究温度、风速、热烫时间、柠檬酸浓度对绿竹笋干燥速率及笋干品质的影响。结果表明,热烫使笋干的复水能力减弱,但适当的热烫时间及柠檬酸处理能够抑制干燥过程中褐变反应,得到品质优良的笋干;综合考虑干燥速率及品质综合评定,获得干燥最优参数:温度为58℃,风速为3.0 m/s,热烫时间为1.28 min,柠檬酸浓度为0.2%,此时绿竹笋平均降水百分率为15.14%/h。干燥后,绿竹笋笋干复水比为4.5~5.0,亮度值L为45~50,即产品整体上品质良好,最优参数组合下得到的产品综合评分可达89.5分。     

微波-热风联用制取笋干工艺条件优化

为获得干燥时间短、干燥品质好的笋干,以竹笋为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,根据中心组合试验设计原理,分析微波干燥功率、微波干燥时间和热风干燥温度3 个因素对笋干感官评分、总干燥时间、复水比、色差和硬度指标的影响,以确定微波-热风联用制取笋干最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制取笋干的最佳工艺条件为：微波干燥功率6.3 W/g、微波干燥时间60 s、热风干燥温度65 ℃。在此条件下得到的笋干感官评分85.6、总干燥时间200 min、复水比6.17,干制品色差ΔE* 19.99、复水制品色差ΔE* 13.92、干制品硬度19 511.23 g、复水制品硬度20010.71 g,该工艺研究结果可为笋干产业化发展提供理论支持。     

真空微波与热风联合干燥蒜片的工艺研究

运用正交实验对四种无硫护色液进行复合实验,最佳护色组合为：CaCl2浓度为0.6%、NaCl浓度为0.8%、L-半胱氨酸浓度为0.10%,经此复合护色液护色得到干燥蒜片L＊值为86.23。比较了热风、真空微波、真空微波与热风联合干燥三种生产工艺所得蒜片干制产品的品质,采用正交实验优化了热风与真空微波联合干燥蒜片的生产工艺。结果表明：前期采用真空度-90kPa,微波功率375W,微波干燥20min,后期60℃热风干燥60min,干燥总时间为80min,缩短了热风干燥时间,得到了高品质的蒜片产品。     

真空冷冻干燥笋干加工工艺优化研究

本研究以新鲜竹笋为原料,以复水速率(min~(-1))为指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交试验设计,考察柠檬酸浓度、漂烫时间、预冻时间、干燥时间对冻干笋品质的影响;并与热风干燥笋干进行品质对比。结果表明:通过正交试验优化所得的最佳加工工艺条件为:柠檬酸浓度0.1%,漂烫时间为6min,预冻时间为4h,干燥时间为20h,在此最佳工艺条件下测得其复水速率为0.393min~(-1);其水分含量和可溶性糖含量低于热风干燥笋干,色泽、组织状态、复水比、复水速率和蛋白质含量均明显高于热风干燥笋干,说明优化出的最佳加工工艺条件具有可行性。     

篌竹笋真空冷冻干燥工艺研究

采用正交试验、均匀设计试验和对比试验,对篌竹笋护色、预处理、真空冷冻干燥条件和不同干燥方法的干燥效果等进行探讨。采用0.2%抗坏血酸、0.1%柠檬酸和0.5%氯化钠溶液烫漂篌竹笋4min,进行护色处理,然后在43℃、2%蔗糖和8%麦芽糊精混合溶液中浸泡26min,进行预处理,可以明显提高篌竹笋冻干产品的复水比和感官品质。预处理篌竹笋的共晶点为-25℃,真空冷冻干燥条件为：物料预冻温度-35℃,预冻时间3h-4h,冷阱温度-55℃左右,干燥室真空度7Pa-9Pa,解吸阶段搁板加热温度40℃,物料冻干所需时间12h。真空冷冻干燥所得产品的质量明显优于热风干燥和真空干燥。     

出口咸竹笋的腌制加工技术

出口咸竹笋的腌制加工技术夏桂珍（湖南进出口商品检验局４１０００７）竹笋（ｂａｍｂｏｏｓｐｒｏｕｅ）可供直接食用，并多数制成罐头或笋干。台湾人食用竹笋最多的是麻竹笋和桂竹笋。其次有孟宗竹笋，茅菇竹笋。绿竹笋量较少。１竹笋的营养成分粗蛋白质为２８％，其...     

速食笋干的研究

竹笋含有高量的蛋白质,多种氮基酸、Ca、P、Fe和胡萝卜素,VB1、VB2、Vc等。竹笋还含有丰富的粗纤维．能减肥助消化,预防便秘和结肠癌。但是竹笋经干制后制成的笋干,食用时需复水很长时间才能烹调。因此本实验的目的在于通过加工,使笋干烹调方便。文中论述了笋干膨化的实验过程。实验结果表明,膨化是使笋干成为速食食品的途径之一。经过膨化后的笋干只要泡水15-21分钟即可烹调,其松软程度可与普通笋干经泡水24小时者相媲美。膨化笋干用普通聚乙烯塑料装包装常温下贮存两年以上品质不变。     

真空冷冻干燥和热干燥绿竹笋笋干品质的比较

为了对真空冷冻笋干和热干燥笋干质量做比较,文中从感官品质、复水性和营养成分等方面对绿竹笋真空冷冻干燥和热干燥笋干进行了比较。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥笋干颜色接近新鲜绿竹笋,柔软平整,有利于减小包装体积,而热干燥笋干颜色为浅褐色,坚硬干缩;前者10min内的复水比是7·68,而后者是1·01。并且前者的营养成分也远远高于后者。     

葛根微波干燥中的护色工艺研究

利用微波干燥的高效、均匀性对葛根进行快速干燥.针对葛根微波干燥过程中易出现褐变现象,影响产品感官品质,本文特对葛根微波干燥加工中的护色工艺进行探究.在干制前,采用经济和无残留的氯化钠、柠檬酸、氯化钙复合护色液对切分成型的半成品进行预处理后,再经清水漂洗、离心脱水后,然后进行微波干燥,可使干制品维持其原有组织的洁白色泽.试验前期,先通过单因素试验对氯化钠浓度、柠檬酸浓度、氯化钙浓度、前期加热功率与装载量比值、前期加热时间五个因素进行初步探索,甄选出护色效果显著的各因素最佳水平范围.最后再通过正交试验筛选出最佳值,即:氯化钠浓度1.0%、柠檬酸浓度1.00%、氯化钙浓度0.60%、前期加热功率与装载量比值(W/g)为2、前期加热时间为8min.     

低盐豇豆泡菜预处理工艺优化及贮藏特性分析

选择不同漂烫条件及护色液浓度优化豇豆护色保脆的工艺条件,采用中短波红外干燥技术对豇豆进行脱水干燥处理,研究干燥过程中不同辐射温度、辐射功率和辐射距离对豇豆干燥特性的影响,确定豇豆中短波红外干燥的工艺参数并探讨豇豆泡菜半干制品干燥水分临界点,并对豇豆半干制品贮藏期品质及泡制方式进行研究。结果显示,乳酸钙溶液（20?g/L）浸泡和热烫处理（90?℃,1?min）能有效防止豇豆在贮藏期间的变色和软化问题;豇豆中短波红外干燥的工艺参数为辐射温度70?℃、辐射功率900?W、辐射距离10?cm、辐射时间50?min,干燥水分临界点为70%;豇豆半干制品贮藏4?周后,菌落总数为4.4×103?CFU/g,大肠菌群最可能数（most?probable?number,MPN）报告小于3?MPN/g,样品的微生物安全性良好;通过复水比可确定较适宜的复水条件为20?℃处理3?h;综合泡制后品质指标得到豇豆半干制品的最适泡制方式为泡菜水发酵。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.