柑橘纤维在低脂肉制品中的应用研究

以柑橘纤维作为脂肪替代物生产低脂香肠,采用传统高脂肪香肠的加工方法进行加工,在各组样品中添加不同含量(2%、3%、4%)的柑橘纤维,测定各组香肠的脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、pH、持水力、成品质构(硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性)及感官评价,并与传统高脂肪香肠进行对比分析.结果显示:当柑橘纤维的添加量为2%时,低脂香肠的脂肪含量明显降低,蛋白质含量高于传统香肠,并且在pH、持水力、成品质构(硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性)和感官评价等方面与传统香肠均无显著性差异(P>0.05),进而确定柑橘纤维作为传统高脂肪香肠中脂肪替代物的最佳添加量为2%.     

卡拉胶在低脂肉制品中的应用研究

以卡拉胶作为脂肪替代物生产低脂香肠,采用传统高脂肪香肠的加工方法进行加工,在各组样品中添加不同含量(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%)的卡拉胶,测定各组香肠的持水力、成品质构(硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性)、感官评价,并与传统高脂肪香肠进行对比分析.结果显示:当卡拉胶的添加量为0.2%时,低脂香肠与普通香肠在持水力、成品质构(硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性)和感官评价等方面均无显著性差异(P>0.05),进而确定卡拉胶作为传统高脂肪香肠中脂肪替代物的最佳添加量为0.2%.     

土耳其研究应用酯化棕榈仁油替代法兰克福香肠中动物脂肪的可行性

正依据世界卫生组织和美国食品药品监督管理局的推荐要求,消费者希望产品具有较低的脂肪含量,尤其是肉制品中饱和脂肪酸的含量越低越好。食品加工产业也试图通过增加植物油的使用,来降低动物脂肪的使用量,但是使用植物油部分替代或全替代动物脂肪会对产品的质构特性、感官品质和氧化稳定性产生负面影响。为分析酯化棕榈仁油替代法兰克福香肠中牛脂肪对产品的影响和产品贮藏     

竹笋膳食纤维、脂肪和淀粉对中式香肠品质的影响

为确定竹笋膳食纤维(bamboo shoots dietary fiber,BSDF)、脂肪和淀粉添加量对香肠品质特性的影响和最优配比,在单因素试验基础上,通过Box-Behnken试验,以感官(色泽、组织状态、外观、风味和口感)和质构指标(硬度、弹性、黏性和咀嚼性)的综合得分为响应值,对BSDF、脂肪和淀粉的添加量进行优化,并将采用最优配方生产的低脂香肠的品质特性与传统香肠(脂肪添加量20%)进行对比。结果表明:生产低脂香肠的最佳工艺条件为BSDF添加量4.2%、脂肪添加量15.2%、淀粉添加量3.2%,在此条件下香肠的综合品质最佳;相较于传统香肠,低脂香肠的脂肪含量降低了4.8%,且营养价值和质量特性得到改善,BSDF具有用作食品中脂肪替代物、填充剂和营养添加剂的潜力。     

一种复合型脂肪替代物在粗绞香肠中的应用

本文将笔者已制备的脂肪替代物分别按其0(对照组)、5%、10%、15%、20%的比例替代猪背脂生产粗绞香肠,对五组香肠的蒸煮损失、理化指标和微生物指标进行检测与分析。并对这五组香肠进行感官综合评价和方差分析。结果表明:品评员水平间不存在显著性差异,添加脂肪替代物组的粗绞香肠与对照组之间感官综合评价结果差异不显著,说明在生产粗绞香肠中添加脂肪替代物替代猪脂肪效果良好。     

脂代果蔬/鹿肉复合发酵香肠加工特性与工艺优化

制备具有营养保健功能的脂代果蔬/鹿肉复合发酵香肠,以乳化植物油取代原料中常用的动物脂肪,研究其加工特性与工艺优化。利用不同种类乳化植物油,对果蔬/鹿肉复合发酵香肠中的猪肉脂肪进行不同比例的取代,通过比较感官特性和碘值,得到植物油脂取代的最佳比例;通过发酵工艺单因素试验,研究发酵温度、发酵时间和菌种用量对脂代果蔬/鹿肉复合发酵香肠p H值、碘值和蛋白质的影响;利用中心复合试验设计,以碘值为评价指标,优化出脂代果蔬/鹿肉复合发酵香肠最佳发酵工艺参数为油脂取代量70%、发酵温度28℃、发酵时间23.7 h、菌种用量0.94%;通过脂代发酵香肠水分含量与质构特性的相关性研究,建立了水分含量和持水性的线性回归模型。     

富含膳食纤维的低脂肪燕麦香肠配方研究与优化

将不同处理的燕麦辅料添加到传统香肠中,以加工一种富含膳食纤维的低脂肪燕麦香肠。研究燕麦整粒米、破碎米、粉3种添加形态及其添加量对香肠感官品质的影响,探讨了加工技术及最佳配方。以燕麦香肠的感官品质为检测指标,针对燕麦、淀粉、蛋白及脂肪的添加量进行单因素实验,并对结果进行响应面优化,最终确定燕麦香肠的配方(以100g肉计)为:燕麦破碎米添加量15.8%、马铃薯淀粉添加量3%、大豆蛋白添加量2.2%,脂肪(猪肉肥膘)添加量13%。制得的燕麦香肠比传统香肠脂肪含量降低了15.5%,膳食纤维质量分数达2.01%。     

肠衣制备及其对香肠品质的影响研究进展

香肠是肉制品的典型代表, 且因其独特的风味而深受人们喜爱。随着生活水平的提高, 人们对健康饮食有了更高的要求, 给提高香肠品质和安全性方面的研究带来了更大的挑战。肠衣作为香肠的包装材料, 对维持香肠品质和延长其货架期具有重要作用, 是香肠必不可少的一部分。近年来, 肠衣对香肠加工和贮藏过程中的感官品质、理化指标、风味品质和安全性等方面的影响, 已成为研究热点。本文对肠衣的分类以及肠衣对香肠的品质和安全性的影响进行了综述, 着重考察了肠衣对香肠的色泽、风味品质、pH、生物胺含量、多环芳烃含量、脂肪氧化和微生物方面的影响, 为香肠加工过程中肠衣的选择, 以及香肠品质改善和安全性的提高提供理论依据。     

燕麦粉及低聚果糖对发酵香肠品质特性的影响

以不同比例的燕麦粉、低聚果糖分别替代部分脂肪制作发酵香肠:对照组(30%脂肪)、试验组1(10%脂肪、5%燕麦、15%低聚果糖)、试验组2(10%脂肪、10%燕麦、10%低聚果糖)及试验组3(10%脂肪、15%燕麦、5%低聚果糖)。检测燕麦粉及低聚果糖对发酵香肠微生物、理化及感官特性的影响。结果显示:加工结束后,试验组3乳酸菌数显著高于其他组(P0.05),试验组菌落总数、葡萄球菌数及TVB-N值均显著低于对照组(P0.05);脂肪替代物对加工后期发酵香肠的水分活度、p H值、色泽、胶着性、咀嚼性、脂肪含量及灰分均影响显著,而对蛋白质含量、硬度等指标则无显著影响。试验组2感官评定结果最好。综合各项指标,添加10%猪背膘、10%燕麦粉、10%低聚果糖制作出的发酵香肠,能够将动物脂肪含量从30%降低至10%,且能够较好的保持并改善发酵香肠品质。     

低脂发酵香肠的工艺研究

以菊粉作为脂肪替代物,加入到低脂发酵香肠中进行研究,研究的内容包括质构(硬度、弹性、内聚性、黏附性、咀嚼性)的变化以及感官性能的变化.制备的低脂发酵香肠中含有的脂肪为15%和7.5%,二者相比较得出,后者质构较差,但仍然能被接受,差异不太明显,因此选择在含7.5%脂肪的基础上加入菊粉.菊粉的加入为低脂发酵香肠提供了比较软的质地,并且咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性和黏附性与传统香肠非常接近,尤其是在含量为12.5%时,可作为良好的脂肪替代物.     

未来健康油脂：精准营养与适度加工（网络首发、推荐阅读）

油脂是提供脂肪酸和各类微量功能成分的重要来源，对人体健康发挥重要调节作用。油脂中常量和微量成分与营养健康密切相关。从精准营养与适度加工两个方面介绍未来健康油脂发展目标与策略：一方面，基于生命周期和生理状态的精准营养是油脂科学的重点研究领域。另一方面，适度加工较大程度保留维生素E等营养物质，避免反式脂肪酸等风险因子的生成，既保证了油脂安全，又减少了健康有益脂肪伴随物损失，是油脂工程化研究的发展方向。因此，在营养和安全双重考虑下，油脂精准营养、适度加工将助力“健康中国”和“双碳”战略的落实。未来健康油脂不仅提供基础营养与风味，还赋予不同生命周期人群（如婴幼儿、儿童、青少年、成年人、老年人）特定的健康功能，并维持不同生理状态人群的机体稳态（如妊娠与哺乳期女性）。     

Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality. 2. Effects on properties of fat and processing characteristics of bacon and frankfurter-style sausages

Palm kernel oil (PKO) and palm oil (PO) are used in tropical countries as cheaper substitutes for conventional feed sources such as soya bean oil (SBO) but little is known about their effects on meat quality. This study, therefore, evaluated the effects of these three dietary oils on the fatty acid composition (FA) of pork fat and the qualities of belly bacon and frankfurter sausage. The 3×2 factorial design also included high and low dietary protein. Total cooking loss, water loss and fat losses were determined in frankfurter sausages at chopping temperatures from 2 to 24°C. PKO resulted in a poor P:S ratio (0.34) and a relatively hard fat (slip point 32.8°C), but resulted in bacon with a higher tensile cohesive force and more high quality slices, judged subjectively. PO had a fatty acid composition closer to the SBO control, a better P:S ratio than PKO (0.48) and softer fat. There was a trend for total cooking losses and fat losses to be higher in PKO compared with PO and SBO at all chopping temperatures, suggesting that the firmest, most saturated fat (PKO) was least suitable for frankfurter production. The low protein diet increased the concentration of saturated fatty acids and increased fat firmness but its effect on fatty acid composition and other properties were less marked than those of oil type.     

Partial substitution of pork fat with canola oil in Toscana sausage

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the effects of pork fat substitution with canola oil in Toscana sausage. Canola oil was incorporated into the product via lipid emulsion with water and collagen. The physicochemical and sensory parameters and fatty acid profiles were evaluated in five treatments with different canola oil concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%). The prepared sausages met the legal identity and quality standards, with no significant differences detected in the variables moisture, ash content, lipid, pH, colour and weight loss due to cooking (P > 0.05). We observed a significant increase in the linolenic fatty acid content (omega-3 series). In the sensory evaluation, a significant difference was observed only for the texture variable. Pig fat substitution with 10% canola oil in the Toscana sausage exhibited the best physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile.Industrial relevanceVegetable oils have been used in meat products as an alternative to improve their lipid profiles. The amount of fat and the lipid profiles of meat products are the most important factors for product quality and consumer health. Our understanding of the relationship between the intrinsic food quality and health is gradually increasing, and as a result, a revolution has occurred in eating habits. Therefore, an innovative product for a healthier consumer market has been created to meet the challenges of animal fat substitution on the organoleptic characteristics of Toscana sausage.     

Development of combinations of chemically modified vegetable oils as pork backfat substitutes in sausages formulation

Today’s consumers look for foods which provide nutrition and pleasure, while safeguarding their health, the result of which is that they increasingly avoid foods containing cholesterol and saturated and trans fatty acids. Chemically modified vegetable oils can help tailor meat products to meet this growing need and at the same time fulfil the technological needs of the meat processing industry. In this study, 16 backfat samples were characterised for their solid fat content (SFC) and melting point and these characteristics were used to design a mixture of chemically modified vegetable oils for use as a pork fat substitute for elaborating sausages. The mixtures were prepared with different vegetable oils bearing in mind with stearic acid content due to its close correlation with the SFC. The backfat was characterised as a function of its SFC and some modified vegetable oil mixtures were proposed, which led to a 10–20% diminution in saturated fatty acids and with a melting point similar to those observed in the backfat. The fatty acid profile pointed to a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio higher than 0.4, and an n − 6/n − 3 fatty acid ratio of less than 4 in both modified vegetable oil mixtures proposed.     

计算机辅助营养均衡菜籽调和油的研制

以菜籽油为基质油,通过计算机辅助计算,采用其他植物油调节ω-3与ω-6脂肪酸比例,研制出营养均衡菜籽调和油。以氧化诱导时间为指标,考察营养均衡菜籽调和油的氧化稳定性,并与原料植物油进行比较,通过动物实验研究其辅助降血脂功效。实验结果表明,营养均衡菜籽调和油中ω-3脂肪酸与ω-6脂肪酸的质量分数比例约为1∶3.05,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸质量分数比例为0.28∶1.0∶1.0,更符合人体对脂肪酸均衡摄入的要求;110 ℃时调和油的氧化诱导时间为4.5 h,辅以少量抗氧化剂特丁基对苯二酚（tertiarybutylhydroquinone,TBHQ）后延长到6.0 h,满足油脂氧化稳定性要求;辅助降低实验性高血脂大鼠甘油三酯功能结果呈现阳性。     

The influence of frying medium degradation on fat uptake and texture of French fries

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the influence of the degree of degradation of different kinds of oils used as a frying medium on fat uptake and texture of frozen pre‐fried French fries. As has been found, the degradation degree of the frying medium depends on the kind of oil and processing time. Liquid hydrogenated rapeseed oil exhibited the best thermo‐oxidative stability among the oils under investigation. The kind of oil influenced fat uptake and the texture of French fries. The lowest fat uptake was observed with French fries fried in solid oil. Some correlations between fat uptake and changes in fatty acid content were found in the frying medium during frying. Fat absorption increased with increasing unsaturated fatty acids and decreasing saturated fatty acid content. The texture of French fries fried in hydrogenated oils was harder than that exhibited by French fries fried in liquid rapeseed oil. The hardness of French fries fried in liquid oils decreased during frying while the hardness of French fries fried in solid oil increased. Some correlations between the texture of French fries and iodine value and fatty acids content of frying media were found. The hardness of French fries increased with increasing content of saturated fatty acids and decreasing unsaturated fatty acids and trans isomer fatty acid content. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Stability of peroxidized oils and fat to high temperature heating

The fatty acid compositions of extracted and commercial samples of cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, sesame oil and butter fat were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. These fats were subjected to frying temperature (195 ºC) for 3 hours and the peroxide value, iodine value, free fatty acid content and the carbonyl value were determined at hourly intervals. The stability of the oils did not correlate well with the ratio of C18:2 to C81:1 nor with the degree of unsaturation. Also, it was not a function of the susceptibility of these oils and fat to hydrolyse during the heating process. The data suggest that the fatty acids, present in these oils and fat, influence each other's oxidation and thus affecting the rate of oxidation. It appears that one of the major predisposing factors in the degradation of these oils and fat is the amount of saturated fatty acids which are present in contact with unsaturated and peroxidised fatty acids. This explanation has been discussed in relation to the degree of unsaturation of the oils used in the experiments and their vitamin E contents.     

Vegetable Oils Replace Pork Backfat for Low-Fat Frankfurters

Low-fat frankfurters (10% fat, 12.5% protein) with olive, corn, sunflower or soybean oils, compared to control (29.1% animal fat, 10.4% protein) had 67% lower total fat, 40–45% lower saturated fatty acids, 50–53% lower calories, reduced cholesterol and 20% higher meat protein. Although they had darker red color they were 6–7.2% lower in processing yield and had higher purge accumulation, were firmer and less juicy. The type oil had no effect (P>0.05) on these characteristics but affected fatty acid composition. Frankfurters with olive oil had 41.8% higher monounsaturated fatty acids and those with seed oils 5–7 times higher polyunsaturated fatty acids. Soybean oil increased lin-olenic acid content and negatively affected overall acceptability and shelf-life.     

Konjac gel as pork backfat replacer in dry fermented sausages: processing and quality characteristics

The effect of replacing animal fat (0%, 50% and 80% of pork backfat) by an equal proportion of konjac gel, on processing and quality characteristics of reduced and low-fat dry fermented sausage was studied. Weight loss, pH, and water activity of the sausage were affected (P<0.05) by fat reduction and processing time. Low lipid oxidation levels were observed during processing time irrespective of the dry sausage formulation. The fat content for normal-fat (NF), reduced-fat (RF) and low-fat (LF) sausages was 29.96%, 19.69% and 13.79%, respectively. This means an energy reduction of about 14.8% for RF and 24.5% for LF. As the fat content decreases there is an increase (P<0.05) in hardness and chewiness and a decrease (P<0.05) in cohesiveness. No differences were appreciated (P>0.05) in the presence of microorganisms as a result of the reformulation. The sensory panel considered that NF and RF products had acceptable sensory characteristics.