典型热加工对花生致敏蛋白及其免疫反应性的影响

通过免疫学方法检测了花生制品加工过程中几种典型热加工方式对花生致敏蛋白的免疫反应性的影响。结果表明:烘焙、水煮、油炸和高温高压处理均使花生可溶性蛋白含量显著降低;随之,处理后样品中蛋白提取物的免疫反应性也显著下降,其中高温高压处理最为显著;热处理对花生致敏蛋白Ara h 2的溶解性及免疫反应性的影响较小,而对Ara h1和Ara h 3的影响则比较明显。     

花生过敏患者血清中抗Ara h1的IgG与IgE分离纯化研究

Ara h1是花生的一种主要致敏原蛋白,能够使花生过敏患者产生特异的IgG与IgE,从而导致花生过敏症状。Ara h1与其特异IgG和IgE的结合是导致花生致敏的一个重要原因。本研究利用Protein A亲和层析柱与Ara h1作为配体的亲和层析柱纯化抗Ara h1的IgG与IgE。高纯度的抗Ara h1特异IgG与IgE对探讨研究其与Ara h1之间相互作用具有重要意义。     

酪蛋白糖巨肽对花生过敏原免疫反应性的影响

目的 探究酪蛋白糖巨肽与花生过敏原相互作用并降低其免疫反应性的潜力。方法 通过蛋白-蛋白分子对接技术探讨酪蛋白糖巨肽(casein glycomacropeptides, CGMP)与Ara h1、Ara h2是否有相互作用的潜力。进一步通过混合水浴加热制备CGMP与花生蛋白的混合溶液(mixed solution of casein glycomacropeptides and peanut proteins, MCGP),建立MCGP致敏、花生蛋白激发的BALB/c小鼠模型,研究MCGP对花生过敏反应的影响。最后使用圆二色谱法研究酪蛋白糖巨肽与Ara h1、Ara h2的相互作用力及对其结构的影响。结果 CGMP与Ara h1、Ara h2间存在次级键(盐桥、氢键、范德华力),部分作用于过敏原表位;MCGP致敏组血清中的花生蛋白特异性免疫球蛋白E(Specific immunoglobulin E, sIgE)、sIgG₁、sIgG_2a含量显著下降,白介素-4(interleukin-4, IL-4)、IL-5、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)、组胺水平显著下降,肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)水平显著升高, MCGP中Ara h2的α-螺旋与β-折叠的比例改变。结论 CGMP能够改变Ara h2的结构,遮蔽花生过敏原表位,抑制sIgE、sIgG结合Ara h1、Ara h2,降低部分花生过敏原的免疫反应性。     

花生过敏原蛋白分离纯化方法研究进展

花生中已确定的过敏原蛋白包括Ara h 1～Ara h 11 11种。本文详细介绍花生中主要过敏原蛋白(Ara h 1、Ara h 2、Ara h 3/4、Ara h 6)以及非主要过敏原蛋白(Ara h 7～Ara h 11)的分离纯化方法研究进展。花生过敏原蛋白的分离纯化方法包括硫酸铵沉淀法、柱层析法、电泳法。其中硫酸铵沉淀法主要用于粗提纯化过程,而柱层析法则主要用于花生过敏原蛋白的精制,它包括离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析、亲和层析、疏水相互作用层析、高效液相色谱。目前离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析在花生过敏原蛋白分离纯化中应用最为广泛,而电泳法则仅见应用于Ara h 7及油质蛋白(Ara h 10、Ara h 11)的分离纯化。     

芽培花生营养及体外抗氧化性质分析

对花生进行芽培处理,利用内源蛋白酶对其中主要过敏源进行有效降解,以期得到低致敏性整粒花生。对芽培花生主要营养组分、蛋白质分子结构和水提物体外抗氧化性质进行了分析。结果显示,随芽培时间的延长,花生中的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量显著降低,游离氨基酸、非蛋白氮和多肽含量显著增加,氨基酸总量呈先升高后显著降低趋势;SDS-PAGE分析显示,花生中的主要致敏蛋白Ara h1和Ara h2含量在芽培3 d后显著降低;体外抗氧化性质分析显示,芽培花生水提物的体外抗氧化活性随芽培时间延长而显著增强。研究表明,在25℃经2~3 d芽培处理,可以得到致敏性显著降低、营养特性得到一定改善的整粒花生。     

中国花生致敏蛋白的识别

我国对花生过敏方面的研究很少。本实验利用中国常用花生品种识别鉴定了中国主要的致敏蛋白,比较了国内外花生品种致敏蛋白相对含量的差异,期望找到中国花生过敏发病率较低的原因,为临床食物过敏患者的治疗和低过敏花生品种的培育提供理论依据。研究结果表明:Ara h1和三条Ara h3多肽是中国主要的致敏蛋白,并发现了Ara h1的亚基,分子量为58kD的多肽。Ara h1和Ara h3的相对含量各品种之间差异显著,并且低于国外花生品种。因此中国花生主要致敏蛋白相对含量低可能是导致中国花生过敏发病率较低的主要原因。     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法检测花生 过敏原Ara h 2

目的建立烘培食品中花生过敏原Ara h 2的液相质谱联用定量检测方法。方法选择花生蛋白中的致敏蛋白Ara h 2作为目标蛋白,筛选出该致敏蛋白的特异肽,人工合成特异肽标准品和特异肽内标,从而建立直接检测花生致敏蛋白Ara h 2的准确定量方法。同时还对全国不同地区的20种花生中致敏蛋白Ara h 2的含量进行检测分析,初步统计得出致敏蛋白Ara h 2和花生蛋白的换算系数,并以Ara h 2作为生物标记物检测10种烘培食品中花生蛋白的残留量。结果花生样品中致敏蛋白Ara h 2的定量限为4.45μg/g,回收率在106.0%~107.8%之间。烘培食品中,定量限可达到6.23μg/g,回收率在107.0%~113.2%之间。结论本方法特异性强、灵敏度高、定量准确,具有良好的应用前景。     

花生致敏蛋白Ara h1和Ara h2纯化鉴定方法研究进展

对主要花生过敏蛋白Ara h1和Ara h2的提取纯化方法以及纯化后Ara h1、Ara h2的鉴定方法进行了综述。     

阴离子交换层析法分离纯化花生主要过敏原Ara h1的研究

Ara h1蛋白是花生的主要过敏原蛋白。本研究从天然的花生提取花生蛋白质,通过硫酸铵分级沉淀及阴离子交换层析法纯化花生主要过敏原Ara h1。通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析蛋白纯度,结合免疫印迹实验对Ara h1免疫活性进行鉴定。结果表明：采用阴离子交换层析法纯化出的Ara h1纯度达到90%以上。得率为23.1%。免疫印迹实验表明,此方法纯化出来的Ara h1仍具有免疫原性,能跟花生过敏病人血清特异结合。     

花生致敏原Ara h 1的重组表达与纯化

Ara h 1是花生中含量最高的过敏原,也是致敏性较高的蛋白之一。目前提纯Ara h 1的方法大多涉及2至3步柱层析,步骤繁琐且成本较高。本文中,将带有6×his标签的Ara h 1基因与pET-32a表达载体融合,构建重组质粒并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) pLysS,诱导使其表达目标蛋白。菌体裂解后使用Ni-NTA吸附、梯度洗脱对Ara h 1进行纯化。采用质谱及Western-blot鉴定纯化蛋白的种类及免疫活性。结果显示,质粒中目标基因的序列与NCBI数据库中Ara h 1的基因数据相符;300 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷22℃诱导菌液22 h时蛋白表达量最高;添加15 mmol/L十二烷基磺酸钠可将蛋白释放到上清液中,使用含50,100mmol/L咪唑的洗脱液分别洗脱2次和1次后得到纯度较高且免疫原性良好的重组Ara h 1。     

Enzymatic treatment of peanut kernels to reduce allergen levels

This study investigated the use of enzymatic treatment to reduce peanut allergens in peanut kernels as affected by processing conditions. Two major peanut allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, were used as indicators of process effectiveness. Enzymatic treatment effectively reduced Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in roasted peanut kernels by up to 100% under optimal conditions. For instance, treatment of roasted peanut kernels with α-chymotrypsin and trypsin for 1–3 h significantly increased the solubility of peanut protein while reducing Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in peanut kernel extracts by 100% and 98%, respectively, based on ELISA readings. Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 levels in peanut protein extracts were inversely correlated with protein solubility in roasted peanut. Blanching of kernels enhanced the effectiveness of enzyme treatment in roasted peanuts but not in raw peanuts. The optimal concentration of enzyme was determined by response surface to be in the range of 0.1–0.2%. No consistent results were obtained for raw peanut kernels since Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 increased in peanut protein extracts under some treatment conditions and decreased in others.     

Reduction of major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, in roasted peanuts by ultrasound assisted enzymatic treatment

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound, enzyme concentration and enzyme treatment time on soluble protein and major allergenic proteins (Ara h 1 and Ara h 2) of roasted peanut kernels. A 3-factor, five-level orthogonal experimental design was implemented with various ultrasonication times, concentrations of trypsin or α-chymotrypsin and treatment times. The total soluble proteins were determined by the Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 were evaluated by SDS–PAGE and sandwich ELISA. The IgE-binding of peanut extracts was analysed by a competitive inhibition ELISA. Results indicate that ultrasound treatment, followed by protease digestion of peanuts, significantly increased the solubility of peanut protein and decreased the concentrations of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2. The sequential treatment of peanuts by ultrasonication–trypsin–alpha chymotrypsin, resulted in maximum reductions of Ara h 1/Ara h 2, and lowest IgE-binding. This study provides an approach to significantly reduce allergenic proteins in peanut product.     

Investigation on sequential extraction of peanut allergens for subsequent analysis by ELISA and 2D gel electrophoresis

A two-step sequential extraction method of peanut proteins was proposed with the aim to investigate the protein composition and allergen content of peanut samples. The extraction procedure reported is fully compatible with subsequent analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) as well as 2D gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE). This sequential extraction method was used to study three different peanut varieties and three different types of food processing. Peanuts were analysed for total protein content and the extraction efficiency of raw and processed peanuts was determined. The total protein content of the three peanut varieties was found to be comparable, but their extraction efficiency varies. The peanut extracts were characterised by employing three different ELISA test kits specific to either the allergens Ara h 1 or Ara h 2, or to soluble peanut proteins. The content of both Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 differed in the raw peanut extracts of the three varieties. However, thermal processing resulted in much larger changes in detectability. Blanching significantly increases the detectability of Ara h 2, whereas Ara h 1 detection remains almost unchanged. After roasting a clear decrease of detectability was observed for both Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, although the effect is more severe for Ara h 1. 2D PAGE was employed to compare the protein profiles and abundances of peanut extracts. Statistically relevant differences were observed for the two different protein fractions obtained by using the described method, showing the relevance of this two-step sequential extraction method.     

Enzymatic treatment of peanut butter to reduce the concentration of major peanut allergens

This study investigated the effects of enzymatic treatment of peanut butter on two‐major peanut allergens (Ara h 1 and Ara h 2). Home‐made and commercial peanut butter samples were treated with alpha‐chymotrypsin, trypsin or the combination of these enzymes and incubated at room temperature for 24 h or at 37 °C for 3 h. Treated peanut butter samples were sampled weekly for evaluation of total soluble proteins and extractable Ara h 1/Ara h 2. Data show that 1:1 alpha‐chymotrypsin: trypsin at 0.04% of enzyme‐to‐peanut butter ratio resulted in near complete reduction of extractable Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 respectively. Treatment of peanut butter with a combination of trypsin and alpha‐chymotrypsin resulted in a decrease in IgE‐binding, suggesting that enzymatic treatment has the potential to reduce the allergenicity. However, clinical tests are needed to confirm any reduction in allergenic potential. The amount of water used to disperse enzyme did not have significant effect on allergen reduction but affected the consistency and colour of treated products, especially when the amount of water added was above 5% of peanut butter weight.     

Mitigation of Major Peanut Allergens by Pulsed Ultraviolet Light

Peanut allergy represents one of the most severe IgE-mediated reactions with food, but to date, the only effective way to prevent peanut allergy is total avoidance. If allergens could be mitigated during food processing before a product reaches the consumer, this would substantially lessen the food allergy problem. The efficacy of pulsed ultraviolet light (PUV), a novel food processing technology, on reducing peanut allergens, was examined. This study revealed for the first time that PUV was also capable of deactivating Ara h 2, the most potent allergenic protein of peanut. Protein extracts from raw and roasted peanuts were treated for 2, 4, and 6?min and peanut butter slurry was treated for 1, 2, and 3?min in a Xenon Steripulse XL 3000? PUV system. The distance from the central axis of the lamp was varied at 10.8, 14.6, and 18.2?cm. The SDS?CPAGE showed a reduction in the protein band intensity for Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 at the energy levels ranging from 111.6 to 223.2?J/cm². Reduction of the protein band intensity for peanut allergens increased with treatment time but decreased with increased distance from the PUV lamp. The ELISA for peanut extracts and peanut butter slurry showed a reduction in IgE binding of up to 12.9- and 6.7-folds, respectively, compared to control.     

Allergenicity of roasted peanuts treated with a non-human digestive protease

Peanut allergy is a severe and lifelong type of food allergy triggered by allergenic proteins and peptides in peanuts. This study investigated the effects of ultrasound-assisted alcalase treatment on the concentrations of major allergenic proteins (Ara h 1 and Ara h 2) in roasted peanut kernels and the allergenicity of treated peanut extracts. Peanut kernels were sonicated for 1 h in buffer solution, incubated with different amount of alcalase for various time, then vacuum dried. The variations of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 contents in soluble and insoluble portions of peanuts treatments were evaluated by sandwich ELISA and SDS-PAGE, respectively. The in vitro IgE-binding capacity of treated peanut extracts was determined by a competitive inhibition ELISA using pooled plasma of 10 peanut allergic patients. Samples with lower in vitro IgE-binding were used for human skin prick tests (SPTs) in peanut allergic individuals. Results indicate that alcalase digestion of sonicated peanuts significantly increased protein solubility while decreasing Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 concentrations in both soluble and insoluble portions of peanuts relative to untreated peanuts. The maximum reductions of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 levels were obtained following 3 hour digestion with alcalase at concentrations of 4.54 and 6.05 U/100 g. Samples obtained under these conditions showed the lowest in vitro IgE-binding and caused the least allergic response in human SPTs. The current study suggests that the allergenic potential of peanuts could be reduced by postharvest processing such as ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment of peanuts kernels.     

Peanut allergen (Ara h 1) detection in foods containing chocolate

Inadvertent exposure to peanut in foods poses health risks for peanut-allergic individuals that can be reduced by improving detection systems for allergen contaminants in food products and manufacturing processes. Detection of peanut in chocolate has been especially difficult. We report the optimization of conditions for measuring a major peanut allergen, Ara h 1, in chocolate with the use of a two-site monoclonal antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ara h 1 was extracted from peanut in the presence or absence of chocolate with phosphate buffer, salt, and three dried milks (goat, soy, or nonfat) (0 to 25% wt/vol) for 15 min at 60 degrees C or for 2.5 h at room temperature. The best conditions for Ara h 1 extraction in the presence of chocolate were 5% nonfat dry milk for 2.5 h at room temperature. Spiking experiments of chocolate with peanut confirmed improvement of the extraction: Ara h 1 was detected in extractions of 0.16 to 0.33% peanut in chocolate. Interestingly, the best conditions for Ara h 1 extraction were different for peanut alone than with chocolate, regarding time, temperature, and percentage of nonfat dry milk in the extraction buffer. In chocolate with peanut foods, the total Ara h 1 values were 10-fold higher than when products were extracted with phosphate buffer alone and could be up to 400-fold higher for individual foods. The dramatic improvement of Ara h 1 extraction should allow specific allergen monitoring in chocolate-containing food products and assessment of Ara h 1 exposure.