我国食用调和油存在的问题和对策探讨

本文从脂肪酸与人体健康的关系、脂肪酸平衡性对健康影响的角度出发,根据我国食用油消费状况及可能对人体健康的风险,提出我国食用油脂肪酸营养平衡性的重要性;探讨我国食用调和油目前存在的问题,提出解决的对策;从科学和实用的角度,建议食用调和油国家标准制定应考虑的主要指标为SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA的比例,n-6PUFA和n-3PUFA的比例,抗氧化剂指标及其他理化和卫生指标。     

合理脂肪酸配比调和油配方系统软件的研制

为简化配制一定脂肪酸构成调和油的步骤,采用matlab和visual C++2个平台开发"脂肪酸配比合理的调和油配方系统软件"。采用气相色谱法测得玉米油、亚麻籽油、橄榄油和黄油脂肪酸组成,以该4种油作为基础油,通过运行编制的软件得出SFA:MUFA:PUFA=1:1:1;n-6/n-3 PUFAs=1、5、10、20的调和油的各种基础油的配比,对获得的调和油采用气相色谱法进行检测验证。结果表明该软件能够用于不同脂肪酸构成比的食用油配方的计算,有望成为制备具有不同脂肪酸构成调和油的有效工具。     

核桃调和油在不同烹饪温度下氧化稳定性的变化

为保持核桃油热加工过程中营养和热稳定性,将核桃油与亚麻籽油、花生油、红花籽油和菜籽油进行调和,根据中国营养学会推荐脂肪酸摄入量,利用数学模型计算出核桃调和油中各原料所占比例,研制出核桃油含量分别为1%、5%、15%、25%的营养均衡核桃调和油。分析中式烹饪温度下核桃调和油的过氧化值、茴香胺值和总氧化值及品质变化和脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明,4种调和油饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的质量分数比例接近0.27:1:1,n-6/n-3脂肪酸均在（4~6）:1推荐值范围之内,符合人体对脂肪酸均衡摄入的需求。1%、5%、15%、25%的调和油过氧化值、茴香胺值和总氧化值随加热温度升高而升高,210 ℃时PUFA/SFA比值分别为0.30%、0.39%、0.70%、0.96%,MUFA/PUFA比值较纯核桃油分别增加0.03%、0.07%、0.11%、0.14%,n-6/n-3脂肪酸比例介于4.42~5.76之间过氧化值、茴香胺值及总氧化值均低于纯核桃油,表明纯核桃油经过调和,有助于减缓氧化物的生成,提高热稳定性,维持脂肪酸的膳食平衡。     

以双低菜籽油为基质研制的一种新型营养平衡调和油

双低菜籽油饱和脂肪酸含量低,单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,且含有相当数量的α-亚麻酸;玉米油含有丰富的亚油酸和亚麻酸;茶籽油含有丰富的油酸;核桃油是亚麻酸和亚油酸的良好来源.根据营养学研究原理,以双低菜籽油为基质,加入玉米油、茶籽油、核桃油等经科学配方优化设计,研制成营养平衡调和油,其n-6PUFA:n-3PUFA为(4～6):1,其SFA:MUFA:PUFA为10:45:45.营养平衡调和油的研制,可以推动企业不断向油菜产业纵深领域拓展,同时为消费者提供更多的健康选择.     

10种云南植物油脂肪酸组成比较分析与评价

利用气相色谱法对橡胶籽油、葡萄籽油等10种云南特色植物油的脂肪酸组成进行了分析与评价。结果表明:除了坝子油和青刺果油外,其余8种植物油的不饱和脂肪酸含量均超过80%;SFA与MUFA、PUFA比例接近推荐的膳食脂肪酸比例1∶1∶1的有3种,PUFA与SFA比值大于2的有6种,PUFA的含量较高且n-6 PUFAs与n-3 PUFAs比值小于5的有3种,说明这些植物油都具有很好的开发利用价值。     

营养均衡动植物调和油的研制

为更加符合成人脂肪酸平衡要求,满足消费者摄入营养健康油脂的需求,以11种常见植物油和分提牛油为原料,在满足脂肪酸平衡和营养成分含量前提下,以价格为指标,使用Matlab软件进行建模编程得到营养均衡动植物调和油配方,通过单因素及正交试验设计对调配工艺进行优化,并对其进行货架期的预测。结果表明,营养均衡动植物调和油的配比为：分提牛油8.00%,玉米油16.40%,亚麻籽油72.20%,芝麻油3.40%;单价为每百毫升0.28元;实际测得饱和脂肪酸占12.78%,ω-6/ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFA）的值为5.99,在4~6:1之间,单不饱和脂肪酸（Monounsaturated Fatty Acids,MUFA）与PUFA的质量分数比为0.96,基本满足MUFA:PUFA约为1:1,所配得的调和油脂肪酸比例与期望值相符;最佳调配工艺为：搅拌时间30 min、TBHQ添加量15 mg、搅拌温度20 ℃;营养均衡动植物调和油保质期为18个月。研究结果为营养平衡健康的调和油开发奠定了理论依据,为食用油企业新产品研发提供新的途径。     

以DRIs推荐为依据的营养调和油的研制

依据2013年中国营养学会编著的《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》的要求,以玉米油、菜籽油、稻米油、花生油和亚麻籽油为原料,以脂肪酸平衡和营养成分含量为评价指标,使用计算机软件进行建模编程,设计3种调和油配方,并对样品进行18个月货架期跟踪。结果表明:3种调和油中n-3 PUFA、n-6 PUFA均满足脂肪酸摄入推荐范围,但配方三中n-3 PUFA不满足适宜推荐摄入量; 3种调和油中均含有丰富的维生素E、植物甾醇、角鲨烯和谷维素; 18个月后样品营养伴随物含量衰减率均在20%以内。因此,所得结果中2种调和油配方是满足推荐的营养调和油,可以为其他营养调和油的研制提供参考。     

中国中老年居民膳食脂肪酸摄入状况分析

利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查的膳食调查资料,对45岁及以上中老年人群25251人分析膳食脂肪酸摄入量及主要脂肪酸的食物来源。同时采样分析了34种食物的脂肪酸组成,以更准确地评估居民膳食脂肪酸摄入状况。结果显示,城市中老年人平均总饱和脂肪酸（∑SFA）、总单不饱和脂肪酸（∑MUFA）和总多不饱和脂肪酸（∑PUFA）摄入量显著高于农村（P〈0．05）。城市中老年人SFA、MUFA和PUFA供能百分比显著高于农村（P〈0．05）。近90％的膳食SFA和MUFA来自于动物性食物和食用油。城市中老年人约有2／3以上的PUFA、n6-PUFA和n3-PUFA来自于食用油,农村则相对来源广泛。建议城乡中老年人结合当地食用油资源,在总量保持合理的情况下,可通过适当增加大豆油、低芥酸菜籽油和亚麻籽油等的摄入来增加ALA的摄入,以提高n3-PUFA的膳食摄入量,尽量保持n-6PuFA／n-5PuFA的比例平衡。     

调和油的配比对人类健康的影响

天然膳食中的脂肪酸分为SFA、MUFA和PUFA,由于它们具有不同的化学结构和物理性状,对健康亦产生不同的影响。三者的构成比与高脂血症、动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病关系密切,所以调和油中脂肪酸合理的比例对人体生长、发育及疾病防治至关重要。深入探讨不同膳食脂肪酸构成比对人类健康的影响,为合理调配食用调和油提供科学依据。     

草鱼脆化过程中腹内脂肪酸组成变化

以不同脆化期的草鱼腹内脂肪为原料,采用气相-色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,研究草鱼脆化过程中腹内脂肪酸组成变化。结果显示,不同脆化期的草鱼腹内脂肪中共检出19种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)7种,单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)2种,多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)10种。随着脆化时间的延长,MUFA含量显著增加,PUFA、n-6 PUFA含量显著减少(p0.05)。整个脆化过程中,SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA的比值近似于1∶2∶1,以普通草鱼最为接近。而n-3 PUFA在脆化20 d时开始减少(p0.05),始终低于普通草鱼。n-6/n-3 PUFA的比值为3.36%±0.04%~4.10%±0.04%,脆化20 d时最高。研究表明,虽然脆化改变了腹内脂肪酸的组成,但脆肉鲩腹内脂肪仍具有较好的开发价值。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.