京郊主要蔬菜产品器官硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐含量分析与评价

对京郊52种蔬菜产品,以及同一种类不同品种、同一品种产品的不同部位的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和VC含量等进行测定。结果表明：供试蔬菜产品器官的硝酸盐含量在不同种类、品种及其不同部位间存在明显差异。以蔬菜鲜质量器官中硝酸盐含量均值计算,根菜类(420.66mg/kg)＞叶菜类(281.24mg/kg)＞茎菜类(279.54mg/kg)＞果菜类(176.54mg/kg)＞花菜类(157.93mg/kg);同种蔬菜品种间的硝酸盐含量相差1.13～5.48倍;产品器官不同部位的硝酸盐含量也有较大差异,如结球叶菜硝酸盐含量外叶＞中叶＞内叶,叶柄＞叶片,黄瓜果实顶部、基部＞中部,果肉＞果心,萝卜根皮＞根肉。各供试蔬菜产品器官的亚硝酸盐含量多在1mg/kg以下,个别蔬菜种类如茼蒿可达6.74mg/kg,不同蔬菜种类、品种和部位间亚硝酸盐含量差异不如硝酸盐含量差异明显。果菜类、叶菜类和花菜类蔬菜产品器官的VC含量普遍较高,如辣椒可达146.56mg/100g,但品种间VC含量差异不显著。由此可见,目前京郊蔬菜产品器官中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量多在安全范围内,但仍建议消费者科学合理进行蔬菜种类搭配以保障人体健康。     

深圳市市售蔬菜中硝酸盐含量调查

随机抽取深圳市市售的7类蔬菜86批次样品,进行硝酸盐含量检测并分析。结果表明,在不同类型的蔬菜中硝酸盐的含量差异较大,总体而言,叶菜类蔬菜的硝酸盐含量最高,其余依次为根菜类、鳞茎类、瓜类、豆类、茄果类与食用菌类。在所调查的86批次样品中,硝酸盐含量低于432 mg/kg的蔬菜所占比为65.1%,高于1 440 mg/kg的蔬菜所占比为16.3%。     

北京市蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染状况评价

为了解北京市蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染情况 ,于 2 0 0 3年 4月～ 8月从北京 15个菜市场采集应季蔬菜样品 ,共 4 0个品种 4 44份样品 ,用国标法 (GB T 5 0 0 9 33— 2 0 0 3)分析蔬菜中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。结果显示 :检测样品中 ,污染程度严重的占 33 1% ;中、重度污染的占2 3 6 % ;轻度的占 4 3 2 % ;硝酸盐的含量依次为绿叶菜类 >白菜类 >根茎类 >瓜茄类 >葱蒜类 >豆类 >果类 >水生植物类 ,但同一类蔬菜不同品种的硝酸盐的含量差别较大 ,从几倍到几十倍 ;同一品种的蔬菜中硝酸盐含量差别也很大 ,可能与产地、生长条件不同有关。蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量相对较低 ,其含量与蔬菜的新鲜程度有关。研究结果提示需要制定限量标准 ,加强监督管理     

CTAB污染对蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过盆栽的方法,用阴离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对小白菜、空心菜、胡萝卜三种常见蔬菜进行处理.采用比色法测定不同浓度梯度处理后其茎叶部分的硝酸还原酶和硝酸盐含量变化.研究表明:CTAB对蔬菜的品质产生了不良影响.中低浓度的CTAB处理使小白菜、胡萝卜、空心菜的硝酸盐含量都有所上升,但并没有改变硝酸盐在蔬菜体内的分布.CTAB处理对蔬菜中叶绿素含量及硝酸还原酶的活性也有显著影响,其变化规律因蔬菜种类的不同而不同.     

北京市春季蔬菜硝酸盐含量测定及居民暴露量评估

为了解北京市春季蔬菜中硝酸盐污染及居民硝酸盐暴露情况,于2006年3-5月从北京市16个菜市场采集应季蔬菜7大类26个品种341份样品,用国标法(GB/T5009.33—2003)分析蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量。随机抽取北京市15岁以上常住居民152户428人,以记账法对居民日常蔬菜摄入量进行调查,结合蔬菜硝酸盐含量的检测结果,进行居民蔬菜硝酸盐暴露量评估。叶菜类硝酸盐含量最高(3156.94±1425.62mg/kg),茄果类的含量最低(172.36±148.08mg/kg),硝酸盐含量依次为叶菜类>根茎类>葱蒜类>瓜类>豆菜类>花菜类>茄果类,但同一类蔬菜不同品种的硝酸盐的含量差别较大;同一品种的蔬菜中硝酸盐含量差别也很大。居民每日通过蔬菜摄入的硝酸盐量为328.21mg(以中位数计),比WHO/FAO的ADI值(300mg/d)高9.4%。北京市春季蔬菜的硝酸盐污染较严重,居民仅由蔬菜摄入的硝酸盐量已经高于ADI值,因此需要加强监督管理,以保护居民健康。     

元白菜在不同储存条件下硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及维生素C总含量的变化

<正> 蔬菜富含大量的硝酸盐,尤其是绿叶菜类、白菜类其硝酸盐含量高达几千ppm。而亚硝酸盐在新鲜蔬菜中的含量却很低,在绝大部分新鲜蔬菜中未检出。但在运输、储存和加工蔬菜的过程中,由于硝酸盐还原酶及微生物的作用,可使硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐。人类膳食中摄入亚硝酸盐不仅会引起高铁血红蛋白血症;而且在人体内会合成致癌性亚硝基化合物。而维生素C能阻断这种致     

不同蔬菜品种的木聚糖含量分析

目的:测定不同蔬菜品种的木聚糖含量,分析不同蔬菜品种木聚糖含量的差异,为蔬菜高值化加工及人们对蔬菜木聚糖膳食纤维精准补充提供科学依据。方法:以南方常见41个蔬菜品种为研究对象,采用稀酸水解、高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜木聚糖的含量。结果:不同蔬菜品种木聚糖的含量差异显著,41种蔬菜品种中,每100g新鲜原料木聚糖含量排名前3的分别是豌豆(2. 37g)、蚕豆(2. 19g)、甜玉米(1. 86g),其他蔬菜品种木聚糖含量均小于1. 6g。根据食用器官蔬菜木聚糖含量平均值排序:花菜类果菜类茎菜类食用菌类根菜类叶菜类。结论:补充蔬菜木聚糖膳食纤维,优选果菜类中的豆类。     

应用微型光谱仪检测叶菜硝酸盐含量

人们所摄取的硝酸盐大多来源于蔬菜,硝酸盐经过相关化学反应形成亚硝酸盐,医学证实亚硝酸盐有害人体健康,因此近年来农产品中硝酸盐的残留问题日渐受到瞩目。其中叶菜类为广受人们喜爱的新鲜食材,叶菜硝酸盐含量检测受到最大关注。常见的检测方法如高效能液相层析法、气相层析法及离子层析法,皆能获得准确的结果,但其缺点是器材昂贵、检测耗时与前置作业繁琐,不利于现场实时检测。     

河北省典型菜田蔬菜重金属风险评估

目的评估河北省蔬菜重金属风险现状。方法采集河北省主要典型菜田的12种蔬菜194个样品,并测定蔬菜可食部位中铜、锌、镉、铅、铬、汞、砷7种元素的含量。采用单因子污染指数评价法和综合污染指数法对该地区蔬菜重金属进行风险评估,并运用靶标危害系数法(target hazard quotients,THQ)评估重金属污染对于人体健康状况的影响。结果根据国家食品卫生限量标准,仅有5%的西红柿铅超标存在潜在风险,其余蔬菜均在限量范围内。单因子污染指数评价法和综合污染指数法结果均显示所有蔬菜污染指数均小于0.7,均为优良。不同种类的蔬菜重金属污染顺序为:叶菜类果实类根菜类。采用靶标危害系数法评价的结果表明所有蔬菜的THQ的值均小于1,对人类健康造成的风险不明显,其中叶菜类蔬菜的THQ较高。结论总体来看,河北省蔬菜重金属污染均在国家标准范围内,样品经评价后结果均为优良。叶菜类蔬菜对于重金属的富集能力强于果菜类和根菜类,综合污染指数相对较大。     

千万不要吃的八种隔夜菜

正1.绿叶菜隔夜最危险通常茎叶类蔬菜硝酸盐含量最高,瓜类蔬菜稍低,根茎类和花菜类居中。因此,如果同时购买了大量蔬菜,应该先吃叶菜类的,比如大白菜、菠菜等。如果准备多做一些菜第二天热着吃,应尽量少做茎叶类蔬菜,而选择瓜类蔬菜。2.隔夜海鲜损肝肾螃蟹、鱼类、虾类等海鲜,隔夜后会产生蛋白质降解物,损伤肝、肾功能。如果实在买多了,可以把生海鲜用保鲜袋或保鲜盒装好,放入冰箱冷冻,下次再烹调。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain

In Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping-off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle-cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle-cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).