北京市儿童青少年肥胖与副食频次关系探讨

目的:阐明目前经济转型期北京市儿童青少年肥胖高流行与副食摄入频次的关系。方法:资料来源于北京市科技重点项目流行病学调查数据,提取3—18岁组20 867例膳食频次回顾性调查与体检测量指标值,剂量—反应关系采用Logistic多元回归最大似然法,个别副食精细深入分析使用多元方差与复合线图结合显示。结果:各副食搭配频次性别、城乡之间存在差异性,作用既不均衡,又交互影响。多元回归分析显示,正常与超重或肥胖儿童喝汤在各人群、男生肉频次、城区油炸食品、郊区豆制品,以及西式快餐摄入存在统计学差异。具体表现为喝汤对儿童肥胖的保护作用,过多肉类、油炸食品摄入为高BMI危险因子。结论:经济转型期北京儿童青少年肥胖与某些副食高摄入频次有关,这些副食在性别、城乡间存在差异。     

儿童青少年奶制品摄入频次与体格发展关联性研究

目的：通过对北京市儿童期成人慢性病流行病学副食频次调查资料的研究,阐明奶制品摄入与儿童青少年体格发展的关联性。方法：数据来自北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征分层随机整群抽样调查,截取3—18岁儿童青少年20867人,约男女各半。10类副食含于家庭问卷填写;标记体量指标Z值、儿童青少年超重以国际肥胖专家组（IOTF）界值进行界定;腹型肥胖以年龄、性别腹围超过90%位界定,进行频次构成比较、卡方检验、双因素方差分析、斯皮尔曼等级相关分析。结果：奶摄入频次随年龄递减,城乡差异显著,城区＂每日都吃＂与郊区＂几乎不吃＂比率明显高;对体格发展影响显示正常体重和高身高的正效应;边缘估计值显示,对体重和BMI于城乡间正常范畴之上3%—5%处呈翻转效应,即城区高频次者多,与BMI负相关;郊区高频次少,与BMI正相关。作为独立变量与体脂含量微弱负相关,呈显著性。结论：北京儿童青少年奶频次摄入城市高于郊区,身高为正促进,体重为城郊作用于正高端扭转,对BMI于〉25后呈相对负梯度效应。     

北京市丰台区学龄儿童营养状况及膳食摄入调查

目的:了解北京市丰台区某小学学生的膳食结构与营养状况。方法:2013年4月对丰台区某小学1~6年级208名学生进行3d膳食调查,根据《中国居民膳食指南》和"中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量"作出评价。将身高、体重指标与2002年全国营养调查城市儿童数据进行比较,并根据《中国学龄儿童青少年BMI超重、肥胖筛查分类标准》算出超重、肥胖率。结果:该小学学生身高、体重较2002年全国营养调查有所增长,各年龄组的男女生超重、肥胖现象均很普遍;随年龄增加维生素摄入不足的现象有所增加,维生素A、C摄入不足现象严重;膳食结构不合理,豆类、蔬菜、水果、奶类摄入不足,鱼、虾、肉、禽类输入超过推荐值。结论:该人群超重与肥胖率较高、营养素摄入不均衡、膳食结构不合理,应尽快采取合理的综合干预措施,有效地改善其膳食营养状况。     

北京某军队幼儿园儿童营养与体格发育现状调查与评价

目的：调查并分析评价某军队一级一类幼儿园学龄前儿童营养和体格发育状况,为幼儿园儿童科学供膳提供根据。方法：选取北京市海淀区某军队一级一类幼儿园301名学龄前儿童,采用称量法和记账法相结合连续进行5d膳食调查,进行体格检查和测定血红蛋白。结果：该幼儿园儿童膳食品种多样,奶与奶制品摄入偏少,水果摄入量较充分;膳食宏量营养素、维生素供给基本达标,但锌、钙摄入不足。儿童体格中等及上等发育水平的比例分别为：WAZ为99．4％、HAZ为100％、WHZ为100％。低体重、生长迟缓和消瘦检出率分别为0％、0．7％和0％,超重和肥胖检出率分别为11．6％和6．6％,贫血患病率为0．3％。结论：该幼儿园儿童膳食营养摄入与生长发育状况较好,但部分微量营养素供给不足,超重和肥胖问题比较突出,应当进一步加强幼儿园儿童的科学供膳。     

中国3—12岁儿童膳食种类及摄入量调查

目的：通过横断面调查,描述中国7个城市、2个农村儿童膳食模式现状。方法：采用多阶段随机整群抽样和立意抽样结合的方法抽取儿童1 774名,通过问卷调查获得其一般情况,通过膳食频率调查获得其膳食情况。结果：半年内从未摄入水产品的儿童比例最高。随着年级增高,儿童每日谷类、薯类、蔬菜、禽畜肉类摄入量上升,水果、乳类的摄入量下降。与农村儿童相比,城市儿童谷类、薯类、蔬菜、水果、蛋类、豆类的摄入量低,禽畜肉类、水产品、乳类及坚果的摄入量高。儿童油、盐的摄入量均偏高。与2002年相比,儿童谷类摄入量下降,而薯类、水果、蛋类、奶类、豆类和坚果的摄入量上升。结论：我国儿童膳食摄入存在城乡差异,奶类摄入偏低,而油、盐摄入偏高。     

某地区中小学生膳食营养状况调查

膳食营养状况是反映儿童青少年体格生长及健康水平的一个敏感指标,营养不良或营养过剩均可致病,显著损害儿童青少年身心健康。近年来,随着我国经济的迅猛发展以及居民生活水准的极大提高,儿童青少年的营养状况逐渐改善,因营养摄入不足带来的营养不良问题有所减少,但因营养过剩所致的超重和肥胖现象则变得更为普遍。为此,本研究对本地区4所中小学校的1448名学生进行了膳食营养状况调查,以便制定更有针对性的干预策略,改善中小学生营养状况。     

南京市3～6岁入托幼儿膳食营养调查

目的:了解南京市3～6岁入托幼儿营养状况,膳食选择与饮食习惯的现状,为儿童科学合理的饮食和制定干预对策提供科学依据。方法:采用问卷调查辅以现场观察的方式获取南京市入托幼儿的营养状况、膳食选择、膳食习惯等相关信息。结果:南京市入托幼儿营养状况存在营养不良状况,超重肥胖率较高,营养不良性别上存在显著性差异(P 0. 05);南京市入托幼儿主食、蛋类、奶类的摄入较为充足,粗杂粮和豆类摄入不足,蔬菜、畜肉、禽肉、水产、水果和饮水的摄入情况一般;南京市入托幼儿基本能够养成少吃或不吃油炸食品和甜饮料的饮食习惯,食用甜零食与营养补剂班级上存在显著性差异(P 0. 05),大班幼儿食用甜零食比小、中班严重,大班和中班幼儿食用营养补充剂比小班多。结论:南京市入托幼儿营养状况良好,但仍然存在由于营养摄入不均衡、饮食习惯不合理所致的营养不良、低体重及超重肥胖问题,应进一步加强对南京市幼托机构进行科学合理的膳食营养指导与监督。     

北京市高等院校学生膳食营养状况调查

目的:了解北京高校学生的膳食结构及基本营养状况,为相关部门采取有针对性的干预措施提供可资借鉴的参考依据。方法:采用分层随机抽样的方法,对北京高校学生的基础健康状况、就餐频率及日常膳食情况进行问卷调查。结果:膳食结构方面,蔬菜类及豆类食品摄入较为不足,油脂摄入稍有过量,水果类、奶类和鱼虾类食品摄入严重不足,畜禽肉类摄入严重过量;营养物质方面,维生素B2相对缺乏、维生素C严重不足,钙摄入严重不足、硒摄入稍有不足、钠摄入严重过量;三大营养素供能比方面,脂肪供能比偏高、碳水化合物供能比偏低、蛋白质供能比较为正常。同时,高校学生BMI值整体正常,男生超重及肥胖的比例高于女生;高校学生早餐食用较不规律。结论:北京市高校学生的饮食习惯存在一定问题,应对其进行有针对性的膳食指导。     

北京市一级一类幼儿园儿童膳食营养供给现状分析与评价

目的:分析并评价北京市一级一类幼儿园学龄前儿童膳食营养和身体发育状况,为制定幼儿园儿童科学合理的膳食供给提供依据。方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法选取北京市五所一级一类幼儿园共计1 656名儿童采用称量法和记账法进行连续5d膳食调查;依照标准进行体格检查和评价;同时测定血红蛋白。结果:幼儿园儿童锌、钙、维生素B1和维生素A的摄入不足,能量和其余营养素摄取均达到了参考摄入的标准。5所幼儿园中等及上等发育水平的比例WAZ为99.9%,HAZ为99.8%,WHZ为99.9%,儿童的发育水平较好。低体重、生长迟缓和消瘦的检出率分别为0.1%、0.2%和0.1%;超重和肥胖的检出率分别为6.3%和5.3%。贫血的患病率为0.7%。结论:北京市一级一类幼儿园儿童营养摄入与生长发育状态较好,但有部分微量营养素供给不足,能量过剩导致的超重和肥胖问题也比较突出,应当进一步加强托幼机构科学合理的膳食指导。     

关于吃素的三个问题

1.素食是否更健康?在世界范围内,被广泛接受的观点是摄入多样化食物最健康。多样化意味着食谱中既包括植物性食物(如粮食、豆类、坚果、蔬菜和水果),又包括动物性食物(如鱼、肉、蛋、奶)。当然,我们会看到,在极端情况下,人类靠一两种食物就可以长期生存;在很多不发达国家和地区,人类没有或极少有动物性食物也可以传宗接代、生生不息;在很多讲究搭配的纯素食人群中,肥胖、心脑血管疾病、糖尿病等     

Physical activity, aerobic fitness, self-perception, and dietary intake in at risk of overweight and normal weight children.

Differences in physical activity, aerobic fitness, self-perception, and dietary intake were examined in a sample of six- to ten-year-olds at risk of overweight, and in normal weight boys and girls. Participants (n=20 at risk of overweight [BMI > or =85th percentile]; n=115 normal weight [BMI <85th percentile]; n=68 boys; n=67 girls) had anthropometric, physical activity, aerobic fitness, self-perception, and dietary intake measurements at zero, three, six, and 12 months. Over the 12-month period, normal weight children were more physically active (F=4.1, p<0.05) and aerobically fit (F=14.3, p<0.001), and possessed higher self-perceptions of social acceptance (F=7.3, p<0.01) than their at risk of overweight peers. Fitness differences between the sexes were not apparent at baseline, but emerged over the long term (F=7.9, p<0.01). Overall, boys consumed more total energy, fat, carbohydrate, and protein than did girls, while the entire sample consumed diets low in vegetables and fruits and meat and alternatives, and high in "other" foods. These observations highlight key disparities in lifestyle-related behaviours and perceptions between groups of children according to overweight status and sex. The findings underscore the importance of longitudinal studies in youth because cross-sectional studies may reflect transient differences.     

Occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in selected dairy and meat products marketed in the city of Rabat, Morocco

Samples of meat and dairy products taken from the city of Rabat, Morocco, were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli O157 by the selective enrichment procedure followed by plating on cefixime-tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey agar and a latex agglutination test. The ability of isolates to produce Shiga toxins (ST1 or ST2) was also tested by an agglutination test using sensitized latex. Dairy samples (n = 44) included different products commonly consumed in the country. Meat samples (n = 36) were taken from traditional butchers because these products are generally marketed in this way. Random samples were taken from each product during the period of January through May. Of the 80 samples tested, 8 (10%) harbored E. coli O157. Four dairy and four meat samples were contaminated (9.1 and 11.1%, respectively). Of 10 E. coli O157 isolates from contaminated samples demonstrating true antigen-antibody agglutination, 5 (50%) produced either ST2 alone or ST2 plus ST1. Four of the five strains (80%) were meat isolates and produced ST2 with or without ST1, and the fifth was a dairy isolate producing ST2.     

Effect of Dietary Red Meat on Colorectal Cancer Risk—A Review

Heme iron overload has been implicated as the main cause of the increased risk of cancer due to the consumption of red meat. However, fish and shellfish, teas, and spices contain up to five times more iron than red meat. There is insufficient evidence that iron intake in dietary red meat is the primary causal factor for colorectal cancer. In addition, harmful substances produced during the preparation of red meat, including heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N‐nitroso compounds, and acrylamide, are extrinsic factors that increase carcinogenicity. HCAs are produced during the cooking of red meat, poultry meat, and fish. PAHs may also be produced during the cooking of diverse food groups, such as dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and cereals. The average daily intake of red meat among Korean individuals is 62 g; the amount of PAHs entering the body via red meat is less than the average amount of PAHs the body is exposed to in the air. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that dietary red meat is the main cause of colorectal cancer. Rather, there may be an intricate influence of multiple factors, including fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, overweight, obesity, and stress.     

呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族大学生营养知识及膳食状况调查

目的:了解呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族大学生营养知识及膳食状况,为指导其改进营养观念及膳食结构提供依据。方法:随机对呼伦贝尔市378名蒙古族大学生进行营养知识及膳食状况问卷调查。结果:蒙古族大学生营养知识知晓率虽有所提高但仍不高;蒙古族大学生食物消费频率最高的为蔬菜、畜肉,每周消费4—6次以上的所占比率分别为95.5%、83.1%;奶制品消费较好,每周4—6次以上的比例为50.3%;消费频率最低的为鱼虾,每月不到1次得高达59.8%;蛋类消费不令人满意,每月1—3次的占27.2%;腌制食品消费频率较高,每天1次的达到34.1%。结论:蒙古族大学生营养知识欠缺,还有待于进一步加强教育。膳食结构及消费频率存在不合理性,因此对蒙古族学生进行营养膳食干预及保健教育十分必要。     

来京务工人员母乳喂养婴儿0—12月龄生长发育指标的随访分析

目的:了解来京务工家庭纯母乳喂养婴儿体格生长发育情况,为开展个体及群体生长发育监测和喂养指导提供参考依据。方法:对中日友好医院预防保健科及朝阳区妇幼保健院辖区内91名来京务工家庭母乳喂养的婴儿进行0—12月龄体格生长发育监测,包括体重、身长、头围的测量和喂养情况调查,共完成16次随访。结果:纯母乳喂养婴儿0—12月龄生长发育最快时期为生后3月龄内,增速分别为体重2月龄1月龄3月龄,身长和头围1月龄2月龄3月龄,与世界卫生组织标准一致。男婴生后5个月内体重及身长增值与WHO标准持平,之后略低于WHO标准;女婴8个月内体重及身长增值与WHO标准持平,之后略低于WHO标准。男、女婴12个月内体重增值普遍低于6城市婴儿资料;女婴8个月内身长增值与城市女婴资料基本持平,8个月后低于城市女婴资料,男婴身长增值则普遍低于城市男婴资料。结论:来京务工母亲的母乳喂养婴儿生长发育轨迹与世界卫生组织2006年的标准一致,但婴儿体格发育增值不及同期中国6城市母乳喂养婴儿的体格发育。     

粒粒彩珠制作工艺的研究

[目的]研究以食用胶、果蔬汁和天然色素为基料制作色彩鲜艳、具有一定的观赏性并且稳定性好的彩珠。探讨彩珠的配方及加工工艺。[方法]通过单因素实验和正交实验确定制作彩珠较好的工艺条件。[结果]海藻酸钠∶黄原胶=3∶1,加入量为2%;果蔬汁的加入量为40%;氯化钙的浓度为2.5%;浸泡时间2min。彩珠制作过程中胶料冷水下锅,溶液溶解后并冷却至80℃以下再加入果蔬汁及天然色素。固化后应尽快捞出漂洗。在此工艺条件下制得的彩珠口感适中,收缩率低。     

蔬菜汁/粉替代亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的应用

蔬菜汁/粉营养丰富,亚硝酸盐含量极低,硝酸盐含量较高。添加蔬菜汁/粉可使肉制品获得腌肉特有品质,提高肉制品营养价值,有助于功能性肉制品的研发。本文主要概述了蔬菜汁/粉在肉制品加工中的应用及使用中应注意的问题。     

2010年石家庄市新华区居民膳食摄入情况分析

目的：了解石家庄市新华区居民营养与健康状况.方法：以2010年《中国居民营养与健康状况监测》为依据,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取石家庄市新华区6个居委会180户居民共438人进行膳食调查,计算每标准人日食物消费量.膳食调查采用24h膳食回顾法和调味品称重相结合的方法.结果：新华区平均每标准人日谷类、薯类、豆及豆制品、蔬菜、水果、畜肉、禽肉、奶及其制品、蛋及其制品、食用油、食用盐消费量分别为397.77、40.09、16.79、339.78、95.85、61.87、14.80、87.21、54.09、37.76、9.06g.米面制品、畜禽类摄入量符合2007年中国营养学会公布的《中国营养膳食指南》[1]（以下简称《指南》）的推荐量;水果、鱼虾类、奶类消费量与推荐量相比仍显不足,油、盐摄入量远远超出,部分营养素、矿物质与推荐量存在较大差距.居民畜禽肉、鱼虾类、奶及奶制品摄入量与年人均收入呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.219 （P＜0.01）、0.154 （P＜0.01）、0.101 （P＜0.05）;谷类摄入量与年人均收入呈负相关,相关系数为-0.153 （P＜0.01）.畜禽肉、蔬菜摄入量与文化程度呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.126 （P ＜0.01）、0.106 （P＜0.05）.结论：新华区居民膳食状况有了较大改善,但与《指南》相比有待进一步优化.     

Comparison of sulfuric acid treatment and multi-layer silica gel column chromatography in cleanup methods for determination of PCDDs,PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in foods

Two typical cleanup methods, sulfuric acid treatment and multi-layer silica gel column chromatography, for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) in seventeen food samples were examined and compared. Vegetables, fruits, cereals, fish, meat and dairy foods were extracted by conventional methods (shaking with acetone/n-hexane or with n-hexane after alkaline treatment). The extracts were cleaned up by sulfuric acid treatment or multi-layer silica gel column chromatography, followed by several column chromatographic steps. Of the samples treated, the vegetable, fruit and cereal samples could be directly applied to the multi-layer silica gel column after extraction. However, the samples containing fats and oils such as fish, meat and dairy foods needed to be treated several times with concentrated sulfuric acid before multi-layer column chromatography, because these samples plugged the column with oily residues. Both cleanup methods gave similar values of isomeric concentrations and showed similar efficiency of purification, and the recoveries ranged from 40 to 120%. These results are considered to provide useful data for the efficient analysis of dioxins in foods which have wide-ranging compositions.