双波长法测定小麦及小麦芽中直链、支链淀粉含量

采用双波长法对15种小麦品种的直、支链淀粉的含量进行了测定,并选择淀粉含量及支链/直链比有代表性的6个品种进行制麦试验,研究了小麦制麦芽期间淀粉含量的变化,以期探讨一种简便快捷的测定小麦及麦芽中淀粉含量的方法,并为筛选适合制麦芽小麦品种提供依据.根据碘-直链淀粉和碘-支链淀粉复合物的吸收光谱,选择直链淀粉的测定波长为631 nm和480 nm,支链淀粉的测定波长为554 nm和754 nm,依据回归方程可求出直链和支链淀粉的含量.直链淀粉的浓度在0～30μ/mL,支链淀粉在0～110μg/mL范围内符合比耳定律.制麦前后总淀粉降解程度与原小麦中支链/直链淀粉存在正相关性(P<0.1),相关系数r=0.802.     

淀粉分子结构与α-淀粉酶酶解性能的相关性

以6种不同来源的淀粉为研究对象,分析了淀粉分子结构对其α-淀粉酶酶解性能的影响。结果表明,α-淀粉酶酶解直链淀粉的效率要低于支链淀粉,且直链淀粉含量并非导致淀粉酶解性能差异的主要因素;支链淀粉的链长分布对α-淀粉酶酶解效率有较大影响,其平均链长与α-淀粉酶酶解效率的线性相关性显著。     

酶法修饰抑制小麦淀粉回生工艺优化及机理的探讨

糊化后的淀粉很容易回生,大大影响了淀粉制品的品质。采用β-淀粉酶处理对小麦淀粉进行酶法修饰,利用响应面分析法优化酶处理工艺条件,以获得最佳的抑制小麦淀粉回生参数。结果表明,β-淀粉酶修饰的最佳条件为:酶浓度为34.33 U,酶作用温度为56.5℃,酶作用时间32.2 min。在此工艺条件下制得的小麦淀粉凝胶,相对于未经酶处理的小麦淀粉凝胶,凝胶硬度降低了66.15%。通过对酶处理前后小麦淀粉的直链淀粉和还原糖含量以及支链淀粉平均侧链长度的测定,发现β-淀粉酶抑制小麦淀粉回生主要是通过降低直链淀粉和支链淀粉分子质量及支链淀粉平均侧链长度,从而降低了直链淀粉与支链淀粉形成双螺旋的趋向,抑制淀粉的回生。     

燕麦发芽过程中淀粉及其相关酶活性的动态变化

研究了裸燕麦发芽过程中淀粉及其相关酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,发芽过程中,燕麦还原糖和可溶性糖含量及α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活力明显地先增加后降低;直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉的含量均随着发芽的进行呈下降趋势,发芽72 h分别降低了25.86%、11.08%和17.31%。相关性分析表明,燕麦发芽期间还原糖、可溶性糖含量分别与α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶及总淀粉酶活力呈显著正相关,而直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量均与淀粉酶活力呈显著负相关。     

啤酒用小麦蛋白质含量与制麦芽性能的关系

主要研究了蛋白质含量对于小麦芽制麦性能的影响，实验中发现；蛋白质含量与小麦的发芽力以及发芽期间β-淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活力呈显著的正相关性，与千粒重及淀粉含量呈负相关性，蛋白质含量高或太低都会对小麦芽的质量产生不利的影响，这表明蛋白质含量是评价啤酒用小麦制芽性能的核心因素之一。     

小麦籽粒在制麦过程中碳水化合物降解趋势的研究

以小麦品种扬麦13和皖麦38为研究对象,以啤酒大麦为对照,通过微型制麦工艺(断水浸麦方式、降温式发芽、低温干燥绿麦芽),较为系统的分析了制麦过程中小麦籽粒淀粉降解的趋势,讨论小麦品种的制麦特性以及淀粉降解的机理.结果表明,制麦过程中淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量下降较为缓慢;还原糖的含量变化总体为上升趋势;β-葡聚糖含量下降速度较快,且在发芽结束后小麦样品的β-葡聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦;戊聚糖含量在发芽的前3天内呈下降趋势,但发芽第4天有较大程度的增长,发芽结束后小麦样品中的戊聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦;浸出物在发芽初期以较高速度增加,在发芽后期上升较为缓慢;黏度在制麦中变化幅度较小,呈逐渐下降趋势;通过电子扫描电镜观察淀粉颗粒在制麦过程中的变化发现,小麦麦芽的胚乳结构越来越疏松,在发芽前期只要是蛋白质和大颗粒淀粉的降解,在发芽后期小颗粒淀粉的降解速度较快.由结果可知,小麦和啤酒大麦在制麦过程中碳水化合物的变化有较大差异;小麦发芽结束后除β-葡聚糖含量、戊聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦,其他指标均高于啤酒大麦;β-葡聚糖和戊聚糖含量不是造成小麦麦芽汁具有较高黏度的主要原因.     

β-葡聚糖酶对SN1391小麦芽的品质影响研究

以小麦SN1391为试材,按三因素三水平正交设计进行实验得到9组麦芽,通过对麦芽品质分析研究小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽品质的关系。发现小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽浸出物含量、α-淀粉酶活力存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01);与糖化力、库尔巴哈值、α-AN、蛋白酶活力存在显著正相关性(P<0.05);与麦汁粘度、糖化力存在显著负相关性(P<0.05)。影响β-葡聚糖酶活力的工艺参数主次顺序为:浸麦度>焙焦温度>发芽温度。浸麦度为47%～48%、发芽温度为15～17℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃时SN1391小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力最高。     

小麦面团黏度的影响因素研究

以河南省农科院的26个小麦品种为材料,进行面团黏度性状和面粉的几个理化指标之间相关性的研究,包括蛋白质含量、干面筋、湿面筋、面筋指数、降落数值、淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量及直/支淀粉含量的比例。结果表明:面团的黏度性状与蛋白质含量、面筋指数、降落值、直链淀粉的含量,以及直/支淀粉含量的比例之间具有显著的负相关性,与支链淀粉含量具有显著的正相关性。     

小麦面团黏度的影响因素研究

以河南省农科院的26个小麦品种为材料，进行面团黏度性状和面粉的几个理化指标之间相关性的研究，包括蛋白质含量、干面筋、湿面筋、面筋指数、降落数值、淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量及直／支淀粉含量的比例。结果表明：面团的黏度性状与蛋白质含量、面筋指数、降落值、直链淀粉的含量，以及直／支淀粉含量的比例之间具有显著的负相关性，与支链淀粉含量具有显著的正相关性。     

Thermobifida fusca异淀粉酶的作用机制分析

异淀粉酶可水解支链淀粉的α-1,6糖苷键,为淀粉彻底水解所必须。使用仪器分析方法推断此类酶作用机制的研究国内未见报道。Thermobifida fusca异淀粉酶经镍离子亲和色谱纯化,以玉米支链淀粉(maize amylopectin,AP)为底物,结合体积排阻色谱、高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测器及氢谱核磁共振等仪器分析方法研究其作用机制。结果表明:AP分子的相对分子质量为2 812 000,水解反应2 h后生成两类葡聚糖组分,相对分子质量分别为760 000和7.2 000,比例为1∶4.4;IAM随机水解支链淀粉分子的α-1,6糖苷键,并可切断带有2-3个葡萄糖残基的侧链分支点生成麦芽糖和麦芽三糖,而对α-1,4糖苷键无作用。完全水解支链淀粉生成具有α或β型还原末端的直链淀粉链或麦芽寡糖,产物聚合度(degree of polymerization,DP)主要在15~35之间。IAM作用机理的研究可为其工业化应用奠定基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the