响应曲面法优化茴香油β-环糊精微球包合物的制备工艺研究

以包油率和产率的综合得分为指标,采用响应曲面设计优化茴香油(Aniseed Oil)3-环糊精微球包合物(β-CDP)的最佳制备工艺,并考察其缓释性及热稳定性优化得到制备茴香油包合物微球最佳工艺为:茴香油1mL、3-CDP微球用量5.7g、水58 mL、包合温度40℃、包合1h经验证最佳工艺条件下得到的微球平均包油率为86.9％,产率为93.9％.茴香油环糊精微球包合物具有良好的缓释性能,热稳定性优于挥发油与环糊精微球物理混合物,其制备方法合理可行.     

苦荞麦淀粉微球的制备及表征

目的:优化苦荞麦淀粉微球的制备工艺和性能。方法:正交实验法优化交联淀粉微球的最佳工艺,红外、扫描电镜和粒度分析对其进行表征。结果:制备苦荞麦淀粉微球的最佳条件为:5%苦荞麦淀粉、0.9gSpan60、3mL环氧氯丙烷、反应温度60℃、反应时间为4h。在该条件下制备的淀粉微球近似球状,球体表面粗糙,结构呈多孔立体网络结构,平均粒径为32μm;其对次甲基蓝的吸附量为3.78mg/g。结论:苦荞麦淀粉微球粒径分布均匀,具有良好的吸附和缓释性能,可应用于药物载体。     

超声波辅助对乳化交联工艺制备丝素蛋白微球形貌的影响

为解决经乳化交联工艺制备的丝素蛋白空白微球极易发生集聚且粒径分布不匀的问题,在乳化交联过程中采用了超声波辅助工艺,探讨其对微球聚集、形貌的影响规律。借助激光粒度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜分析了微球的粒度分布和形貌特征。研究结果表明:无超声波辅助下,乳化交联工艺制备微球的平均粒径为15.08 μm,粒径标准偏差(SD)为0.515,聚集现象明显;超声波辅助后,微球平均粒径随超声频率和超声功率的增加而减小,在 45 kHz、100 W的超声波条件下制备的微球粒径减小至原来的26%,微球的SD值同时降低,证明超声波辅助可显著改善微球的团聚现象,促进微球粒径的均匀分布。     

齐墩果酸自微乳的制备及质量评价

目的 制备齐墩果酸自微乳并进行质量评价.方法 制备油酸乙酯/EL-40/乙醇自微乳体系,考察其形态、粒径分布、理化性质及稳定性等.结果 制备的自微乳澄清透明,加水稀释后透射电镜下观察为球状液滴,平均粒径49.8 nm.稳定性实验表明,齐墩果酸自微乳乳液性质稳定.结论 齐墩果酸自微乳对药物增溶作用明显,制备方法简单.     

淫羊藿苷壳聚糖微球的制备及特性分析

为获得淫羊藿苷壳聚糖微球的最佳制备工艺,在单因素试验基础上,选取乳化剂质量分数、水油相比例、乳化时间和交联时间为影响因子,淫羊藿苷包封率为响应值,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合方法优化淫羊藿苷壳聚糖微球的制备工艺;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、差示扫描热分析(DSC)、综合热分析(TGA)对微球进行鉴定。结果表明:最佳工艺为:乳化剂质量分数5%,水油比0.3,乳化时间70 min,交联时间2.3 h,得到淫羊藿苷的包封率为(54.62±1.83)%,与预测值54.30%非常接近。SEM、FT-IR、DSC、TGA分析证实已成功制备淫羊藿苷壳聚糖微球,该制备工艺合理。     

虾青素明胶-阿拉伯胶微球的制备与质量评价

制备虾青素明胶阿拉伯胶微球,进行制备工艺与药剂学性质考察。以明胶和阿拉伯胶作为载体,虾青素为芯材,采用乳化交联法制备虾青素明胶-阿拉伯胶微球,通过正交实验优选制备工艺,利用紫外分光光度计测定虾青素明胶-阿拉伯胶微球的包封率和载药量,测定虾青素微球的体外释放度。虾青素明胶阿拉伯胶微球外观形态良好,包封率为93.28%,载药量为9.91%,平均粒径为39.75 μm,虾青素微球最佳工艺为载体与药比4∶1,明胶阿拉伯胶浓度15%,乳化温度60 ℃,工艺重现性良好。虾青素明胶阿拉伯胶微球的制备工艺稳定可行,为以药剂学技术改善虾青素气味并制备虾青素固体类功能食品提供依据。     

响应面试验优化猴头菌素-PLGA微球制备工艺及其体外释药性能

目的:以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA)为载体,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备猴头菌素缓释微球,并对其体外药物释放行为进行考察。方法:通过单因素试验,以包封率为评价指标,考察影响微球质量的因素,采用响应面试验法进行优化,筛选出最佳工艺条件。结果:最佳工艺为芯壁比(猴头菌素与PLGA质量比)1∶1.64、PLGA质量分数15%、搅拌速率1 200 r/min。最佳条件制备的猴头菌素微球表面光滑圆整,包封率为99.66%,微球体外384 h累计释放率达84.30%。结论:以PLGA为载体材料,采用乳化-溶剂挥发法可以制备包封率较高的猴头菌素微球,体外释药实验也表明该微球具有明显的缓释作用。     

短梗五加果花色苷微球的制备及其缓释效果评价

为探索短梗五加果花色苷微球的制备工艺,提高其稳定性,以短梗五加果花色苷为芯材,以海藻酸钠和壳聚糖为壁材,采用锐孔法制备短梗五加果花色苷微球。通过单因素试验考察了不同因素对短梗五加果花色苷微球包埋效率影响,采用Box-Behnken设计和响应面法优化了短梗五加果花色苷微球的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：海藻酸钠质量分数1.9%、壳聚糖质量分数1.7%、氯化钙质量分数1%和壁芯比4∶1的条件下,包埋效率可达92.9%。锐孔法制备得到的短梗五加果花色苷微球呈球形,大小均匀,在人工胃液和肠液中具有一定的缓释效果。     

玻璃微球法制备水溶性药物脂质体的研究

以牛血清蛋白、胰岛素、谷胱甘肽为水溶性药物模型,采用玻璃微球法制备其脂质体,以包封率为评价指标,研究玻璃微球法制备水溶性药物脂质体的具体工艺。结果表明,在最优工艺下该方法制备牛血清蛋白的包封率为87.9%;制备胰岛素脂质体的包封率为91.7%;制备谷胱甘肽脂质体的包封率为94.1%。制备的脂质体平均粒径为1 393.1 nm,Zeta电位为-51.2 mV。     

叶黄素-海藻酸钠微球的制备及质量评价

目的:选取海藻酸钠为载体材料,氯化钙为交联剂,采用离子转移乳化凝胶法制备叶黄素-海藻酸钠微球,并对其质量进行评价。方法:通过单因素试验考察海藻酸钠浓度、叶黄素浓度、氯化钙(CaCl_2)溶液浓度对微球的影响,正交试验设计优化微球制备工艺,使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察微球表观形态,并对微球的粒度分布、载药量、包封率、体外释药及温度稳定性进行了研究。结果:依据优化处方制得的微球表面较粗糙,有细小微孔,外观圆整、分散性好;平均包封率及平均载药量分别为36.86%和5.24%;平均粒径为145μm,且粒径在110~160μm范围内的微球个数占81.90%;pH 7.4环境下,累积释放率达到74.98%。结论:采用离子转移乳化凝胶法制备微球重现性较好,操作简单易行;通过包封叶黄素的稳定性被明显提高,且微球体外释放过程较缓慢。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.