谁偷走了我们的咖啡

大约在六年前的一个午夜,与一个朋友在老西门附近聊天散步。无意中走进一家咖啡馆,店堂内空无一人,只有"凯司令"的字样孤独地挂在门头上。关于这个品牌,只知道在很多年前就有了,在那个克莱斯勒汽车已经在四马路上奔驰的年代,在那个乱世佳人在国泰电影院热映的年代,在那个爵士乐天天在百乐门里奏响的年代。而在21世纪初的某一天,两个年青人走进这家咖啡馆的时候,心中已经再也没有当年那一切风华雪月的幻想,我们只是在     

谁偷走了我们的咖啡

大约在六年前的一个午夜,与一个朋友在老西门附近聊天散步。无意中走进一家咖啡馆,店堂内空无一人,只有＂凯司令＂的字样孤独地挂在门头上。关于这个品牌,只知道在很多年前就有了,在那个克莱斯勒汽车已经在四马路上奔驰的年代,在那个乱世佳人在国泰电影院热映的年代,在那个爵士乐天天在百乐门里奏响的年代。     

源自墨西哥的色彩

我小的时候曾经很长一段时间在墨西哥瓜达拉哈拉度过,这段经历对我影响至深。在墨西哥,我体会到了生活在公共场所的兴奋与热情。在那里,几乎所有的生活都发生在公共空间里--在街上、在市场、在竞技场等等。公共空间的轻松与自在,以及在明亮耀眼的自然光下,墨西哥那种大胆、热烈、艳丽的色彩,这些都永远地改变了我对空间的理解和体验。     

简单生活 对一种生活品质的追求

在周遭的世界和人群变得越来越纷繁和复杂的今天,我们怀着平常心执意地回归简单。说来有趣,建筑师是为人们规划和设计“空间”的,但不论是在我国还是在海外,不论是在学校专业教室还是在公     

吃在西班牙

就像中国有“生在苏州,玩在杭州,吃在广州,死在柳州”的老话一样,老外的说法是:“住在法国,行在美国,吃在西班牙。”西班牙人会吃、能吃,的确令人折服,他们吃得那样认真、那么科学、那样雅致、那么从容不迫。爱喝啤酒的都知道啤酒冰镇过才好喝。咱们喝啤酒,酒是冰过的,那盛啤酒的杯子却温度如常;这自然影响了口感、滋味和享受。原本没有这样的体验和感觉,就像吃惯了咸菜泡饭,没听说过美味的扬州炒饭一样。但在西班牙,无论是在帕尔玛还是在塞维利亚,只要喝啤酒,不论是在酒吧在餐馆还是在大酒店,酒杯一律是冰过的,味道当然极好。西班牙人让我们看到了与他们奔放的弗拉门戈和刚烈的斗牛相映成趣的另一面。     

老品牌的新营销——黛安芬2008触动创意设计大赛

IPOD在卖概念,麦当劳在卖速度,秀水街在卖文化……在这个高速运行的物质社会里,每一个品牌都需要一个或别致或深厚的卖点,来实现生存和成长。以高品质平价著称的N&Q到底在卖什么?     

科技创新只是一个新的开始——记“广东广益科技实业有限公司”的科技创新之路

"广益"是做什么的?不是因为对广益不熟悉,而是在越来越多的场合出现了广益的身影,在焙烤行业、在坚果炒货行业、在肉制品行业、在休闲食品行业、在油脂行业、在农产品储存、在包装行业、在食品机械行业、在生物医药行业……,以至于很多广益的老朋友、老客户都发出这样的询问。广益公司于2006年开始,从中堂广益食品添加剂升级为东莞广益食品添加剂,再于2011年初,一步到位地跃升为广东广益科技。这好象是在向行业的朋友们诠释,广益不是单纯的食品添加剂企业;广益已经不是5年前的广益;广益发展快速、稳健;广益是高科技企业,注重科技创新;是以高科技的产品和人性化的服务与新老客户共同进步的企业。     

十年耐奇 百年品质——中山市耐奇五金制锁有限公司发展侧记

在中山市小榄镇，耐奇制锁有限公司在规模上与其它企业相比，虽然不是很大，但却在行业中占有很高的地位。这不仅是因为它在生产各种高级锁具的同时，还生产各种高级金属礼品，更在于它在产品质量上的有效保证。     

味忆妈妈菜

味道是有记忆的,在推杯换盏之后,在暴殄天物之后,在刺激的分子厨艺之后,在眩目的创意国菜之后,在8分钟的快餐之后,我们的味觉是否还可以回到最初,回到放学后飘散着酸菜氽白肉的楼道,玩累了寻着炸酱面香味穿回的胡同,奔跑着蟹味飘散的弄堂,在凄寒雨季穿过骑楼,脑中萦绕的妈妈手中那碗杏仁酪……     

迷人的53°——茅台,一瓶酒的新年与出生

新年伊始,在北乐、在上海、在广州、在深圳、在杭州,在无数中国人重要的聚会上,茅台酒已经是具有仪式感的情感见证。与此同时,在贵州仁怀市茅台镇,我们正迎来茅台第一轮次基酒的诞生。清晨6点,室外温度0℃左右,在茅台制酒车间,工人们已经开始忙碌。     

Silver bioaccumulation dynamics in a freshwater invertebrate after aqueous and dietary exposures to nanosized and ionic Ag

We compared silver (Ag) bioavailability and toxicity to a freshwater gastropod after exposure to ionic silver (Ag(+)) and to Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) capped with citrate or with humic acid. Silver form, exposure route, and capping agent influence Ag bioaccumulation dynamics in Lymnaea stagnalis. Snails efficiently accumulated Ag from all forms after either aqueous or dietary exposure. For both exposure routes, uptake rates were faster for Ag(+) than for Ag NPs. Snails efficiently assimilated Ag from Ag NPs mixed with diatoms (assimilation efficiency (AE) ranged from 49 to 58%) and from diatoms pre-exposed to Ag(+) (AE of 73%). In the diet, Ag NPs damaged digestion. Snails ate less and inefficiently processed the ingested food, which adversely impacted their growth. Loss rates of Ag were faster after waterborne exposure to Ag NPs than after exposure to dissolved Ag(+). Once Ag was taken up from diet, whether from Ag(+) or Ag NPs, Ag was lost extremely slowly. Large Ag body concentrations are thus expected in L. stagnalis after dietborne exposures, especially to citrate-capped Ag NPs. Ingestion of Ag associated with particulate materials appears as the most important vector of uptake. Nanosilver exposure from food might trigger important environmental risks.     

Effects of aqueous and dietary preexposure and resulting body burden on silver biokinetics in the green mussel Perma viridis

To determine whether preexposure of green mussel Perna viridis to Ag influenced metal uptake kinetics we compared various physiological indicators of metal uptake kinetics between the control mussels and mussels preexposed to Ag in both diet and water at different levels (up to 5 weeks). In all preexposed mussels, the assimilation of Ag increased by 1.1-3.0 times with increasing Ag body concentration (0.651-19.3 microg g(-1)) as compared with the controls (Ag body concentration of 0.311-0.479 microg g(-1)), whereas the efflux rate constants decreased by 45-88%. There was no significant increase in Ag associated with the metallothionein-like protein (MTLP) fraction following exposure of the mussels to Ag through either the dissolved or food phase. The clearance rates were little affected or depressed byAg preexposure, and the relationship between the Ag influx rate from the dissolved phase and the Ag preexposure was somewhat complicated. The influx rate decreased with increasing Ag body burden at <2.5 microg g(-1), above which it increased with increasing Ag body burden. Our results indicate that the mussels may modify physiological processes to ambient chronic Ag exposure, consequently accumulating more Ag. Ag body concentration in these mussels may therefore increase disproportionally in response to increasing Ag concentration in the ambient environments. Ag preexposure and resulting body burden should be considered carefully when interpreting the observed Ag concentration in biomonitoring animals to evaluate the Ag pollution in seawater.     

Silver Nanoparticles Inhibit Sodium Uptake in Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The silver ion (Ag(+)) is well documented to be a potent inhibitor of sodium (Na(+)) transport in fish. However, it has not been determined whether silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) elicit this same effect and, if so, if the NP itself and/or the dissociation of ionic Ag(+) causes this effect. Citrate-capped Ag NPs were dialyzed in water to determine the dissolution rate of ionic Ag(+) from the NPs and the maximum concentration of free Ag(+) released from the NPs was used as a paired Ag(+) control to distinguish NP effects from ionic metal effects. The maximum concentration of ionic Ag(+) released from these NPs over 48 h was 0.02 μg l(-1). Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to 1.0 mg l(-1) citrate-capped Ag NPs and dialyzed citrate-capped Ag NPs or 10 μg l(-1) and 0.02 μg l(-1) ionic Ag(+) (as AgNO(3)) as controls. Both nondialyzed and dialyzed Ag NPs and 10 μg l(-1) ionic Ag(+) significantly inhibited unidirectional Na(+) influx by over 50% but had no effect on unidirectional Na(+) efflux. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was significantly inhibited by the Ag NPs with no discernible effect on carbonic anhydrase activity. This study is the first to show that sodium regulation is disrupted by the presence of citrate-capped Ag NPs, and the results suggest that there are nanospecific effects.     

Differential effect of common ligands and molecular oxygen on antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles versus silver ions

The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is partially due to the release of Ag(+), although discerning the contribution of AgNPs vs Ag(+) is challenging due to their common co-occurrence. We discerned the toxicity of Ag(+) versus a commercially available AgNP (35.4 ± 5.1 nm, coated with amorphous carbon) by conducting antibacterial assays under anaerobic conditions that preclude Ag? oxidation, which is a prerequisite for Ag(+) release. These AgNPs were 20× less toxic to E. coli than Ag(+) (EC??: 2.04 ± 0.07 vs 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/L), and their toxicity increased 2.3-fold after exposure to air for 0.5 h (EC??: 0.87 ± 0.03 mg/L) which promoted Ag(+) release. No significant difference in Ag(+) toxicity was observed between anaerobic and aerobic conditions, which rules out oxidative stress by ROS as an important antibacterial mechanism for Ag(+). The toxicity of Ag(+) (2.94 μmol/L) was eliminated by equivalent cysteine or sulfide; the latter exceeded the solubility product equilibrium constant (K(sp)), which is conducive to silver precipitation. Equivalent chloride and phosphate concentrations also reduced Ag(+) toxicity without exceeding K(sp). Thus, some common ligands can hinder the bioavailability and mitigate the toxicity of Ag(+) at relatively low concentrations that do not induce silver precipitation. Furthermore, low concentrations of chloride (0.1 mg/L) mitigated the toxicity of Ag(+) but not that of AgNPs, suggesting that previous reports of higher AgNPs toxicity than their equivalent Ag(+) concentration might be due to the presence of common ligands that preferentially decrease the bioavailability and toxicity of Ag(+). Overall, these results show that the presence of O? or common ligands can differentially affect the toxicity of AgNPs vs Ag(+), and underscore the importance of water chemistry in the mode of action of AgNPs.     

纤维基ZnO/Ag/ZnO多层膜表面形貌的AFM观察

在室温状态下,采用磁控溅射法在PET纤维上制备了Ag膜、ZnO膜和ZnO/Ag/ZnO多层膜,运用原子力显微镜(AFM)对纳米结构薄膜的表面形貌进行观察,并对导电特性进行测试。结果表明,随着Ag膜厚度从10 nm增加到20 nm,Ag膜的致密性和均匀性变好;在纤维表面和ZnO膜表面生长相同厚度的Ag膜,其表面形貌不同,在ZnO薄膜表面生长的Ag膜比在纤维表面生长的Ag膜均匀性好,Ag颗粒更大,颗粒的匀整性也更好;同样,在纤维表面和Ag膜表面生长相同厚度的ZnO膜,其表面形貌也不同。多层膜的电阻随着Ag膜厚度的增加而减小;当Ag膜为20 nm时,电阻达到最小。     

Bioaccumulation dynamics and modeling in an estuarine invertebrate following aqueous exposure to nanosized and dissolved silver

Predicting the environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is increasingly important owing to the prevalence of emerging nanotechnologies. We derived waterborne uptake and efflux rate constants for the estuarine snail, Peringia ulvae, exposed to dissolved Ag (AgNO(3)) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), using biodynamic modeling. Uptake rates demonstrated that dissolved Ag is twice as bioavailable as Ag in nanoparticle form. Biphasic loss dynamics revealed the faster elimination of Ag from Ag NPs at the start of depuration, but similar slow efflux rate constants. The integration of biodynamic parameters into our model accurately predicted Ag tissue burdens during chronic exposure with 85% of predicted values within a factor of 2 of observed values. Zeta potentials for the Ag NPs were lower in estuarine waters than in waters of less salinity; and uptake rates in P. ulvae were slower than reported for the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis in similar experiments. This suggests aggregation of Ag NPs occurs in estuarine waters and reduces, but does not eliminate, bioavailability of Ag from the Ag NPs. Biodynamic modeling provides an effective methodology to determine bioavailable metal concentrations (originating from metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles) in the environment and may aid future ENM risk assessment.     

Influence of chloride and metals on silver bioavailability to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yolk-sac fry

The effects of differing water chloride concentrations (0-10 mM) or competing metals [Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Co(II) (1-10,000 nM)] on Ag(I) uptake in yolk-sac fry of two salmonid species, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were studied. None of the metals tested were strong competitors of Atlantic salmon yolk-sac fry whole body Ag(I) influx. Inhibition of Ag(I) influx was only seen with a 100-fold excess of Cu(II) or Cd(II) or a 1000-fold excess of Pb(II) or Co(II). At these concentrations, the degree of competition appears to be directly proportional to the conditional stability constant of the competing metal to the gill (metal-gill log K). The range of [Cl-] allowed an assessment of Ag+, AgCl(aq), and AgCl2- bioavailability. The pattern of Ag(I) uptake was similar for each fish species. At <1 mM Cl-, where the [Ag+] dominates, the Ag(I) accumulation rate was constant. Above 1 mM Cl-, where the [AgCl(aq)] is dominant and the [AgCl2-] increases, there was a decline in Ag(I) uptake rate. However, even when very little Ag+ was present (i.e., at 10 mM Cl-) Ag(I) accumulated, albeit at a lower rate. This was suggestive of passive influx by AgCl(aq) and indicated little or no entry of negatively charged silver chloride complexes. The decline in Ag(I) uptake above 1 mM Cl- demonstrated that, if Ag(I) was present as both Ag+ and AgCl(aq), salmonid Ag(I) accumulation was dominated by Ag+ uptake. Therefore, the order of bioavailability of the Ag(I) species was determined as Ag+ > AgCl(aq) > AgCl2-.     

Mechanism of silver nanoparticle toxicity is dependent on dissolved silver and surface coating in Caenorhabditis elegans

The rapidly increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in consumer products and medical applications has raised ecological and human health concerns. A key question for addressing these concerns is whether Ag NP toxicity is mechanistically unique to nanoparticulate silver, or if it is a result of the release of silver ions. Furthermore, since Ag NPs are produced in a large variety of monomer sizes and coatings, and since their physicochemical behavior depends on the media composition, it is important to understand how these variables modulate toxicity. We found that a lower ionic strength medium resulted in greater toxicity (measured as growth inhibition) of all tested Ag NPs to Caenorhabditis elegans and that both dissolved silver and coating influenced Ag NP toxicity. We found a linear correlation between Ag NP toxicity and dissolved silver, but no correlation between size and toxicity. We used three independent and complementary approaches to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity of differentially coated and sized Ag NPs: pharmacological (rescue with trolox and N-acetylcysteine), genetic (analysis of metal-sensitive and oxidative stress-sensitive mutants), and physicochemical (including analysis of dissolution of Ag NPs). Oxidative dissolution was limited in our experimental conditions (maximally 15% in 24 h) yet was key to the toxicity of most Ag NPs, highlighting a critical role for dissolved silver complexed with thiols in the toxicity of all tested Ag NPs. Some Ag NPs (typically less soluble due to size or coating) also acted via oxidative stress, an effect specific to nanoparticulate silver. However, in no case studied here was the toxicity of a Ag NP greater than would be predicted by complete dissolution of the same mass of silver as silver ions.     

介孔硅载银抗菌剂的结构及其抗菌性能

利用介孔氧化硅SBA-15的特殊孔道结构,采用在介孔载体制备过程中掺入银的方法,一步法合成介孔硅载银抗菌剂Ag/SBA-15。通过X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜（TEM）,电子能谱(EDS),原子吸收光谱(AAS)和N2吸附/脱附等表征方法对Ag/SBA-15的结构进行研究;并测试了Ag/SBA-15对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌效果。结果表明：本实验制备的抗菌剂具有规则有序的介孔孔道结构且银在介孔孔道内分布均匀,其载银量可达14.8%并具有良好的缓释性能。Ag/SBA-15粉体对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为40?g/ml,具有良好的抗菌效果。     

Silver nanoparticle-algae interactions: oxidative dissolution, reactive oxygen species generation and synergistic toxic effects

The short-term toxicity of citrate-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and ionic silver Ag(I) to the ichthyotoxic marine raphidophyte Chattonella marina has been examined using the fluorometric indicator alamarBlue. Aggregation and dissolution of AgNPs occurred after addition to GSe medium while uptake of dissolved Ag(I) occurred in the presence of C. marina. Based on total silver mass, toxicity was much higher for Ag(I) than for AgNPs. Cysteine, a strong Ag(I) ligand, completely removed the inhibitory effects of Ag(I) and AgNPs on the metabolic activity of C. marina, suggesting that the toxicity of AgNPs was due to the release of Ag(I). Synergistic toxic effects of AgNPs/Ag(I) and C. marina to fish gill cells were observed with these effects possibly attributable to enhancement in the generation of reactive oxygen species by C. marina on exposure of the organism to silver.