鹿血亚铁血红素肽的纯化及影响因子分析

以鹿血制备亚铁血红素肽并采用超滤法纯化,由单因素实验和三元二次回归正交组合设计优化得到最佳实验方案:流速为26.5×10~(-3) L/min,pH为7.5,温度为20℃。最优条件下得到原血中亚铁含量为175μg/m L。三个影响因子的重要性关系从大到小依次为溶液pH、流速、温度。     

海洋溶菌酶高产菌株发酵条件探讨及培养基优化

对海洋溶菌酶高产菌株R-J-101液体发酵的主要影响因子进行了单因素实验探讨,确定了最佳培养条件:初始pH为7.5,温度为30℃,转速为200r/min,接种量为6%.采用二次回归正交设计法优化发酵培养基各组分的配比,结果表明,最优培养基组合为:玉米粉0.200%、蛋白胨0.773%、牛肉膏0.132%、NaCl 0.320%、MgSO40.759×10-1 mol/L.实验验证优化结果,所得发酵液酶活力为2965U/mg,比未优化前提高了64%.     

酶解小球藻蛋白制备多肽的工艺研究

以钦州湾小球藻为原料,通过单因素和正交试验探讨酶解法制备多肽的最佳工艺。实验结果表明:酶解小球藻蛋白制备多肽的最佳工艺条件为:pH 6.5,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间20 min,料液比1∶100 g/mL。此时多肽得率为15.538%±0.2%。     

甘南牦牛肝过氧化氢酶超滤纯化工艺及酶学性质研究

采用超滤工艺从甘南牦牛肝中分离纯化过氧化氢酶,得出的超滤最佳工艺为超滤膜截留分子质量250 kDa、超滤温度25 ℃、压力0.20 MPa、流速30 m/s、浓缩倍数为3倍。酶学性质研究结果显示,该酶最适温度、pH值分别为35 ℃和7.5,米氏常数（Km）值为53.8 mmol/L。     

超声波复合酶法提取双孢菇多糖的研究

采用超声波辅助复合酶提法提取双孢菇粗多糖。实验中利用单因素实验探索并确定了超声波的最佳提取时间和料液比分别为30min,1:20。对于复合酶的反应条件,采取L9(34)正交试验确定纤维素酶和中性蛋白酶的最佳工艺条件分别为:纤维素酶加酶量480u/g,pH4.0,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间100min;中性蛋白酶的加酶量100u/g,pH7.5,酶解温度45℃,酶解时间100min。实验中采用超声波辅助破壁方法,提高了纤维素酶的破壁效率,提高了双孢菇多糖的提取率。     

山杏仁多肽的制备及清除自由基能力研究

以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,对风味蛋白酶酶解脱脂山杏仁的工艺进行研究。在单因素实验的基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对其酶解工艺进行优化。建立脱脂山杏仁酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率与蛋白酶用量、酶解温度及酶解pH,3个实验因素的正交回归模型方程,通过频率分析法得到酶解最佳工艺条件:蛋白酶用量0.50%,酶解温度55℃,酶解pH7.2,酶解时间4h,最佳条件下酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率为56.8%。在此条件下,山杏仁蛋白酶解液清除DPPH自由基的IC50值为4.18mg/mL。经过超滤分离获得不同分子量的抗氧化多肽,用DPPH自由基清除率评价其抗氧化性,得分子量小于5ku的肽清除DPPH自由基能力最强。     

多酶分步水解法制备菜籽多肽工艺的研究

采用多种酶对菜籽蛋白进行分步水解制备菜籽多肽。以菜籽蛋白为原料，在水解温度、水解时间、pH值和酶添加量四个单因素实验的基础上，采用响应面法优化菜籽蛋白水解条件。结果表明，一次水解最优实验条件为反应温度55.5 ℃、水解时间90 min、反应pH 10.5、加酶量10 400 U/g，该条件下水解度为31.64%。使用复合风味蛋白酶进行二次水解，水解120 min时可有效脱除苦味，水解度达到38%以上。提高了菜籽多肽的提取率，得到了脱苦效果好的菜籽多肽。     

抗菌乳的制备及其初步纯化

确定了木瓜蛋白酶酶解乳蛋白所得抗菌乳对不同菌抗菌效果最佳时的酶解条件。最佳抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的酶解条件：pHi为6．0，温度为35℃，加酶量为1．9％，酶解时间90min；最佳抑制大肠杆菌的酶解条件：pH值为6．0，温度为35℃，加酶量为2．5％，酶解时间30min。比较了两种抗菌乳经离心、超滤后所制备的不同分子量多肽片断的抑菌效果。结果表明，分子量大于10ku的多肽分子基本无抑菌作用；抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的多肽片段以分子量小于5ku的多肽为主，而抑制大肠杆菌的多肽的分子量则集中在5-10ku。     

响应面优化脱酚棉籽粕制备棉籽多肽研究

棉籽粕经脱棉酚处理后,不经过提取棉籽蛋白的中间步骤,直接利用碱性蛋白酶酶解制备棉籽多肽。在单因素实验的基础上,选取酶解温度、酶解pH、加酶量、酶解时间为影响因素,应用响应面法的Box-Behnken中心组合实验进行设计,以棉籽多肽产率为响应值,对制备条件进一步优化。结果表明,采用响应面法得到的最佳制备工艺条件为:酶解温度56.4℃,酶解pH 9.7,加酶量8.4%,酶解时间4.1 h,底物浓度3%,此时的棉籽多肽产率为49.60%。     

紫娟茶提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用

首先对从蘑菇中提取的酪氨酸酶的反应条件进行了探讨。采用单因素和正交实验确定了酪氨酸酶单酚酶和二酚酶活性的最适反应条件。结果显示单酚酶最适反应条件为:底物L-酪氨酸为10.0mmol/L,酪氨酸酶为0.30g/mL,反应时间为15min,反应温度为30℃;二酚酶最适反应条件为:底物邻苯二酚为7.5mmol/L,酪氨酸酶为0.035g/mL,反应时间为15min,反应温度为15℃。然后对紫娟茶的3种提取物的酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用进行了探讨。结果表明,3种提取物对酪氨酸酶单酚酶和二酚酶活性均有较好的抑制作用,特别是含有花青素和茶多酚混合物的提取物I的抑制作用最强;3种提取物对单酚酶和二酚酶的半抑制浓度IC50分别为6.85×10-4、8.21×10-4、16.29×10-4g/mL和6.37×10-4、7.62×10-4、13.53×10-4g/mL。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.