葛根营养粉的研制

以葛根为主料,辅以大米、玉米等制备葛根营养粉。对葛根进行深加工,探讨护色液质量浓度、葛根熟化方法、粉碎粒度等葛根全粉的制备工艺条件以及葛根营养粉的配方。结果表明：制备葛根全粉的适宜制备工艺条件为采用0.1g/100mL柠檬酸溶液作为护色剂、105℃蒸汽蒸制15min、60℃热风干燥、粉碎后过100目筛;葛根营养粉的最佳配方为葛根全粉56%、白砂糖20%、麦芽糊精10%、大米粉7.2%、玉米粉4.8%、β-环状糊精2%。制得的葛根营养粉成品感官优良、冲调性好。     

葛根全粉挤压膨化棒工艺优化及其品质分析

目的 探究挤压膨化工艺和原料配方对葛根全粉膨化棒膨化特性和质构特性的影响,并对配方进行优化。方法 在单因素试验中研究玉米粉添加量、葛根全粉添加量、水添加量、螺杆转速、挤压温度对膨化棒膨化度、质构、吸水性指数和水溶性指数的影响,以膨化度为考察指标通过正交试验确定葛根全粉挤压膨化棒制备工艺;此外,比较了不同原料制备的膨化棒的微观结构和膨化特性。结果 葛根全粉膨化棒膨化度在玉米粉添加量60%、葛粉全粉添加量12.5%、水添加量2%、螺杆转速33 Hz时最高,挤压温度175℃;对比不同原料制备膨化棒的形态和特性发现最优工艺制备的膨化棒截面具有更小孔洞和更多褶皱,裂断强度最低,为591.91 g,硬度和脆度值介于玉米和大米膨化棒之间,分别为9660.30 g和8401.88 g;吸水性指数最高而水溶性指数最低,分别为597.76%和19.55%。结论 通过工艺优化确定了挤压膨化棒最优制备工艺,葛根全粉添加量为12.5%,超过85%的葛根黄酮得以保留,该研究为粉葛全质化利用提供主要重要理论依据。     

葛根软糖制备工艺优化及体外抗氧化活性研究

以葛根提取液为原料,明胶为胶凝剂,以质构参数和感官评分为评价标准,对葛根软糖的制备工艺进行优化,并测定其抗氧化活性。研究结果表明:葛根提取液添加量30%,明胶添加量16%,蔗糖添加量25%,柠檬酸浓度为0.1%,该条件下制得的葛根软糖具有较适宜的硬度、弹性、韧性和咀嚼性,感官评分最高为87分。在此条件下测得软糖的黄酮含量为126.10μg/g,DPPH、ABTS、羟自由基清除率分别为46.3%,33.7%,62.1%。     

马铃薯面包加工工艺研究

以高筋小麦粉和马铃薯全粉为主要原料制作面包。通过单因素实验和正交试验筛选马铃薯面包的最佳加工工艺,最终确定马铃薯面包的最佳配方为:马铃薯全粉添加量7.5%,盐添加量0.5%,酵母添加量1.6%,糖添加量10%;最佳工艺为:发酵时间100 min,焙烤温度面火180℃、底火160℃,焙烤时间10 min。在此条件下制作的马铃薯面包口感松软,内部气孔均匀,具有马铃薯的特殊香味。     

黑米贡菊曲奇饼干的研制

以黑米全粉和低筋面粉为主要原料,辅以贡菊粉为风味改良助剂,结合现代焙烤成型工艺技术,研制出一种贡菊风味黑米全粉的曲奇饼干。结果表明,贡菊风味黑米全粉曲奇饼干最佳工艺配方为:黑米粉添加量为40%,黄油添加量40%,白糖添加量25%,贡菊粉添加量15%。黑米贡菊曲奇饼干的焙烤工艺参数:底火150℃,面火180℃,焙烤时间12 min。在此条件下制作的黑米贡菊曲奇饼干外观和内在质量都较好,风味能被消费者所接受,并且营养价值高于普通饼干。     

葛根黑豆黑米蜂蜜保健馒头研制

通过单因素试验及正交试验研究了葛根、黑豆、黑米、蜂蜜保健馒头的最佳工艺,结果表明,葛根、黑豆、黑米、蜂蜜、小麦粉混合的最佳配比是葛根粉添加量15%、黑豆粉添加量12%、黑米粉添加量10%、小麦粉添加量100%、蜂蜜添加量6%。馒头制作的最佳工艺条件为加水量50%、发酵温度38℃、湿度88%,发酵时间40 min,成型后在温度38℃、湿度88%条件下再次醒发15 min,沸水蒸制20 min,取出冷却到室温。此条件下生产的馒头具有较好的品质和较高的营养价值。     

葛根玉竹饼干工艺优化

以葛根粉、玉竹粉及低筋面粉为主要原料,研制酥性饼干。采用单因素和响应面分析法优化葛根玉竹酥性饼干的最佳工艺。研究结果表明:葛根玉竹酥性饼干最优配方为葛根粉添加量13%、玉竹粉添加量11%、油脂添加量50%、木糖醇添加量45%,在此条件下感官评分为96.89分;方差分析结果表明,影响葛根玉竹酥性饼干感官评分因素由大到小依次是木糖醇添加量>油脂添加量>葛根粉添加量>玉竹粉添加量。     

葛根核桃肽复合饮料喷雾干燥工艺研究

为了改善葛根核桃肽复合饮料的喷雾干燥效果,优化喷雾干燥工艺,该研究考察了进口温度、进料流量、物料质量分数以及助干剂的种类和添加量的变化对葛根核桃肽复合饮料喷雾干燥效果的影响,并采用正交设计法优化喷雾干燥条件。结果显示,喷雾干燥最佳工艺条件为进口温度170 ℃,进料流量1.96 mL/min,物料质量分数15%,麦芽糊精添加量为总固形物含量的80%,β-环糊精添加量为总固形物含量的15%,在此条件下,所得产品的感官评分为95分,水分含量为3.98%。     

葛根片茶生产工艺条件研究

以葛根为主要原料,研究一种新型葛根片茶产品的生产工艺,确定影响产品品质的关键工序,采用单因素和正交试验对关键工艺条件进行初步探讨。结果表明：浸糖和焙烤为葛根片茶生产的关键工序;葛根片在质量分数4.0%、温度65℃的蜂蜜液中恒温浸糖35min,再于130℃焙烤36min,制得的葛根片茶产品品质最佳。     

不同加工工艺制备葛根全粉的成分和特性研究

在提出3种不同葛根全粉的加工工艺(制片、冷冻干燥、打浆)的基础上,研究不同生产工艺对葛根全粉品质的影响。结果表明：不同工艺制得的葛根全粉的基本化学成分相差不大,但特殊成分葛根素的含量相差很大,冷冻干燥工艺制得的葛根全粉葛根素含量最高为38.9775mg/100g。不同工艺对葛根全粉的碘蓝值、吸水能力、吸油能力、溶解度和乳化性的大小顺序为打浆工艺＞制片工艺＞冷冻干燥工艺,其中冷冻干燥工艺制得的葛根全粉的乳化稳定性最高为4.13%;在整个过程中,当温度相同时,葛根全粉浆料的黏度大小表现为打浆工艺＞制片工艺＞冷冻干燥工艺;在95℃保温30min后的降温过程中,打浆工艺和制片工艺制得的葛根全粉的黏度处于不断增加的趋势,冷冻干燥工艺制得的葛根全粉的黏度处于稳定状态。由不同工艺制得的葛根全粉,感官评价相对而言,以冷冻工艺制得的葛根全粉风味浓郁、色泽好,但分散性不好;打浆工艺制得的葛根全粉分散性好,但葛根香味不浓郁、色泽偏黄;制片工艺葛根全粉较打浆工艺的香味浓,但比冷冻干燥工艺的香味淡,分散性也居中。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the