自然发酵肉制品中干酪乳杆菌的分离和鉴定

从自然发酵香肠和自制腌肉中分离得到68株乳酸菌,通过对菌株发酵适应性的研究,筛选出2株性能优良,适用于肉制品发酵的乳酸菌C67和R6,初步生化鉴定表明,2株均为干酪乳杆菌。文中还对所获得的菌株的相关发酵性能进行了测试。     

开菲尔粒中干酪乳杆菌的分离鉴定及发酵性能分析

以新疆不同地区来源的8种开菲尔粒为分离源,实验采用LC(Lactobacillus Casei)培养基作为选择性培养基,分离得到15株乳酸菌,通过形态观察、16S rDNA序列分析,确定15株乳酸菌为干酪乳杆菌。针对15株菌进行了发酵乳的酸度、持水力、乙醛、双乙酰、氨基氮、香气成分以及质构的综合指标分析。结果表明干酪乳杆菌SLC1在硬度、稠度、凝聚性、黏性指数、挥发性香气成分方面显著优于其他14株干酪乳杆菌,结合感官评价,最后确定菌株SLC1综合发酵性能最优,表明SLC1是一株优良的可用于乳品工业化生产的干酪乳杆菌菌株。     

产胞外多糖乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

目的:筛选出产胞外多糖能力强的乳酸菌菌株。方法:从实验室分离保藏的乳酸菌中挑选40株乳酸菌,以商业菌株鼠李糖乳杆菌(L.rhamnosus GG,LGG)为阳性对照菌株,采用菌落拉丝法和苯酚—硫酸法筛选出胞外多糖产量高的菌株,对其进行体外抗逆性、安全性和抗生素敏感性试验,并对最终得到的菌株进行表型特征分析和种属鉴定。结果:对40株乳酸菌进行初筛和复筛,得到了10株胞外多糖产量较多的乳酸菌;最终分离鉴定出4株高产EPS乳酸菌,产量均在600 mg/L以上,分别为2株副干酪乳杆菌(LZ9089、LZ9Y10)、1株干酪乳杆菌(LZ9183)和1株短乳杆菌(LZ9285)。结论:4株高产胞外多糖的菌株具有良好的益生特性,具有潜在的开发利用价值。     

Mozzarella干酪生产用菌种的筛选

概速了Mozzarella干酪的特点以及生产用菌株所需具备的特性，从现有的菌种和市售优质酸乳中分离纯化得到25株乳酸菌，经初步的生产性能试验，筛选出12株性能较好的菌株。经进一步的发酵性能和生化试验，优选出两株优良的菌株，并初步鉴定为唾液使球菌嗜热亚种(Streptococcus salivarius subsp.Thermophilus)CH9和保加利亚乳杆菌德氏亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckil ssp.Bulgaricus)LB，经过实际的干酪生产，证明表现良好。     

黔东南地区传统发酵白酸汤中乳酸菌的益生特性及应用

本研究以发酵酸汤为试验原料,通过pH值、胆盐耐受性实验筛选性能优良的乳酸菌,经16S r RNA序列分析鉴定得菌株1-3、1-6、ST-2、ST-11,4 株为副干酪乳杆菌,ST-10和ST-12为植物乳杆菌。通过评价菌株的疏水性、黏附性、自凝聚能力,筛选出了6 株具有益生特性的乳酸菌,其中副干酪乳杆菌1-6和植物乳杆菌ST-10对二甲苯、氯仿的疏水性均大于70%,放置24 h的自凝聚率较其他菌株都较优;不同菌株对抗生素表现出的敏感性、耐药性不尽相同。结果表明：副干酪乳杆菌1-6作为发酵剂添加后对酸汤pH值、总酸度均无显著影响(P＞0.05),但是活菌数与传统老酸汤发酵效果接近。本研究筛选得到的副干酪乳杆菌1-6 是一株性能优良的益生乳酸菌,为后续酸汤发酵益生菌的开发奠定基础。     

玉米青贮中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及特性研究

为了筛选性状优良的乳酸菌菌株,通过细菌形态学、生理生化特征鉴定和16s r RNA序列分析,从天然发酵玉米饲料中分离纯化出17株菌株,8株植物乳杆菌(3,5,6,8,11,13,15和16),3株玉米乳杆菌(1,4和10),3株乳酸片球菌(7,14和17),1株香肠乳杆菌(2),1株干酪乳杆菌(9),1株副干酪乳杆菌(12)。通过测定产酸速率和生长曲线筛选出3,5,6,8,9,11,15和16为产酸较快、生长迅速的优良乳酸菌菌株。     

新疆酸马奶中乳酸菌的多态性分析及发酵性能研究

以新疆牧民传统家庭自制酸马奶样品为研究对象,考察乳酸菌的多态性及筛选优良性状的乳酸菌菌株。通过16S r RNA基因序列分析和生理生化试验等方法对分离出的菌株进行鉴定,并进行发酵性能测试。结果表明,本实验共分离出19株菌株,包括乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis)(8株)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)(2株)、屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)(2株)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)(1株)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)(3株)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)(2株)和徳氏乳杆菌乳酸亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.Lactis)(1株)。其中,干酪乳杆菌JDB1.1505是一株产酸和产黏性能都比较突出的乳酸菌,发酵脱脂乳的滴定酸度达到了130.1°T,黏度为1420.1m Pa·s,具有良好的乳品发酵应用潜能。     

南瓜汁发酵优良乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

为了获得具有优良发酵特性的乳酸菌进行南瓜汁发酵,从不同品牌酸奶及泡菜浓浆中,通过MRS培养基利用稀释涂布平板法进行菌种分离,初步得到乳酸菌9株。通过对得到的菌株进行产酸能力、耐酸及耐胆盐能力测定筛选出St1、St3、St5、St8 4株乳酸杆菌。将筛选出的菌株接种于南瓜汁中发酵,得到的发酵液酸度适中、乳酸菌生长良好。因此,确定这4株菌作为后续发酵菌株。对优选的菌株进行生理生化及分子生物学鉴定,结果表明,这4株乳酸菌分别为:干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌植物亚种及鼠李糖乳杆菌。     

从藏区传统酸乳中筛选牦牛乳乳酪生产菌株及其生化鉴定

从藏区传统牦牛酸乳中分离乳酸菌,按照牦牛乳酪发酵剂的需求进行筛选,对筛选出的乳酸菌进行生化鉴定并研究其单菌株及复合菌株的产酸性能、生长性能以及凝乳性能。研究表明:从藏区传统牦牛酸乳中共分离出14株乳酸菌,经筛选得出符合牦牛乳乳酪发酵剂菌种条件的菌株有4株,即菌株H_2(戊糖乳杆菌)、L_3(干酪乳杆菌)、LD_3(植物乳杆菌)和Z_2(乳酸链球菌),当菌株Z_2与LD_3混合作为复合发酵剂时,各项性能更佳。结论:复合菌株Z_2和LD_3适用于牦牛乳乳酪生产。     

促熟干酪的非发酵剂乳酸菌筛选及其对干酪浆模型蛋白质降解的研究

从中国传统发酵食品酸菜中分离筛选促进干酪成熟的非发酵剂乳酸菌,并研究其对干酪浆蛋白质降解的影响。应用ROGOSA琼脂从东北农家酸菜中分离菌株,采用多元统计分析法进行复筛,通过16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定筛选菌株,最后研究筛选菌株对干酪浆蛋白水解特性的影响。结果表明:从酸菜中筛选出一株可以促进干酪成熟的非发酵剂乳酸菌S-1,经16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum subsp.plantarum ST-Ⅲ),此菌株产酸能力低,具有较高的自溶度与氨肽酶活力,在干酪浆模型成熟过程中表现出较强的蛋白水解能力。     

乳链菌肽产生菌及其在发酵食品中的应用

乳链菌肽产生菌用于发酵食品中可有效的抑制有害菌的生长，提高产品质量。综述了乳链菌肽产生菌的分离、筛选和改良及其在干酪、酸奶和其它发酵食品中的应用。     

Rational selection of Leuconostoc strains for mixed starters based on the physiological biodiversity found in raw milk fermentations

The technological abilities of eleven wild Leuconostoc strains isolated from artisanal Afuega'l Pitu cheese, a homemade acid-coagulated cheese from raw milk from Asturias (northern Spain), were studied in order to test their potential application as components of dairy starters. Metabolic activity, production of flavour compounds, resistance to NaCl, acid, nisin and freezing, as well as genetic biodiversity were investigated. Marked differences among all tested strains reflected the existing biodiversity in naturally fermented products. After evaluation of their performance, strains IPLA567 and IPLA979 revealed the best properties to be used use in mixed dairy starter cultures. These two strains were able to ferment lactose and galactose and produced larger amounts of lactic acid than the others. Moreover, they showed high tolerance levels to NaCl, acid and nisin, although their resistance to freezing was slightly lower than the other strains. This study evidences the fact that natural environments can be considered as a proper source of new strains, which may help the dairy industry to widen their fermented products range.     

Development and use of a defined strain starter system for Cheddar cheese

Out of 210 strains of Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus lactis screened, 35 were suitable for inclusion in multiple strain starters for Cheddar cheese. The use of various combinations of these 35 strains and bacteriophage-insensitive mutants isolated from some of them as cheese starters over six seasons is described. All cheese graded well for body, texture and flavour, with <1% being downgraded due to starter failure. The system is now being used in all Cheddar cheese plants in Ireland producing ˜60,000 tonnes a year. The problems encountered in phage monitoring are also discussed.     

Proteolysis on Reggianito Argentino cheeses manufactured with natural whey cultures and selected strains of Lactobacillus helveticus

Reggianito Argentino cheese is traditionally manufactured with whey starter cultures that provide typical and intense flavor but can cause poor quality standardization. In this study, the influence of natural and selected starters on Reggianito Argentino cheese proteolysis was investigated. Cheeses were manufactured with three strains of Lactobacillus helveticus (SF133, SF138 and SF209) cultured individually in sterile whey and used as single or mixed starters. Control cheeses were made with natural whey starter culture. Cheeses were analyzed to determine gross composition, as well as total thermophilic lactic flora. Proteolysis was assessed by N fractions, electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. Gross composition of the cheeses did not significantly differ, while viable starter cell counts were lower for cheeses made with strain SF209 alone or combined with other strains. Soluble N at pH 4.6 was the same for cheeses made with natural or selected starters, but soluble N in 12% trichloroacetic acid and 2.5% phosphotungstic acid was significantly higher in cheeses made with starters containing strain SF209. Nitrogen fractions results indicated that natural whey starter cultures could be replaced by several starters composed of the selected strains without significant changes to proteolysis patterns. Starter cultures prepared only with SF209 or with the three selected L. helveticus strains produced cheese products with significantly more proteolysis than control cheeses. Chromatographic profiles analyzed by principal components showed that three main peaks on chromatograms, presumptively identified as Tyr, Phe, and Trp, explained most of variability. Principal component scores indicated that cheese samples were grouped by ripening time, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis. On the contrary, samples did not cluster by Lactobacillus strain or type of starter.     

Technological characterization of bacteriocin producing Lactococcus lactis strains employed to control Listeria monocytogenes in cottage cheese

In recent years, there has been a particular focus on the application of antimicrobial compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as natural preservatives to control the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in food. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides which can be added to foods in concentrated forms as food preservatives, e.g. additives, or they can be produced in situ by starters or protective cultures. In this study, twenty Lactococcus lactis bacteriocin producers previously isolated from Italian fermented foods were subjected to a variety of physical and biochemical tests in order to identify those with the greatest potential as starter cultures in cheese production. Of these, four strains isolated from cheese (one nisin Z producer, one nisin A producer and two lacticin 481 producers) which fulfilled the desired technological criteria were assessed for their ability to control Listeria monocytogenes. The subsequent application of these bacteriocinogenic strains as starter cultures in Cottage cheese established that the nisin A producing Lact. lactis 40FEL3, and to a lesser extent the lacticin 481 producers 32FL1 and 32FL3, successfully controlled the growth of the pathogen. This is the first study to directly compare the ability of nisin A, nisin Z and lacticin 481 producing strains to control listerial growth during the manufacture and storage of Cottage cheese.     

Application of wild starter cultures for flavour development in pilot plant cheese making

A number of wild lactococci of dairy and non-dairy origin which have the ability to produce unusual new flavours in model systems were studied with regard to various characteristics important for cheese making. All strains were found to be non-lysogenic and resistant to phages affecting strains present in commercial starters. Since the overall acidifying activity of many potentially interesting strains is rather low, they were used in combination with commercial starters. Defined-strain starter cultures (DSS) were prepared, composed of a combination of wild strains together with industrial strains, and tested in real cheese making (Gouda-type) experiments. The population dynamics of DSS were studied to understand the behaviour of the selected wild strains in the cheese environment. Wild strains showed various interactions with industrial strains in a defined-strain starter culture. Some wild strains, which were able to grow well together with industrial strains could be used relatively easily for practical applications. Other strains appeared to inhibit the growth of the industrial strains, due to the production of bacteriocins. In many cases the bacteriocin appeared to be nisin. Sensory evaluation revealed that the selected wild strains also produced typical flavours in a real cheese environment which corroborated the results obtained in model systems. GC/MS data confirmed the results of sensory evaluations.     

添加白酒对人工接种东北酸菜挥发性风味成分及感官特性的影响

该实验研究了添加白酒对人工接种乳酸菌发酵东北酸菜理化、挥发性风味成分及感官特性的影响。首先通过乙醇胁迫及产酸能力测定筛选混菌发酵剂,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析酸菜的挥发性风味成分,并结合感官评分与电子舌鉴定白酒对酸菜感官特性的影响。结果表明,植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）、干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）和柠檬明串珠菌（Leuconostoc citreum）3株乳酸菌对乙醇具有一定耐受性且产酸能力较强。添加2%白酒结合3株乳酸菌混菌发酵酸菜的可滴定酸含量较未添加白酒的混菌发酵酸菜降低了4.02%。此外,添加白酒接种发酵酸菜形成了以酯类、酮类、含硫化合物和氨基酸为主的风味结构,并且提高了鲜味,降低了苦涩味,在颜色、味道和口感上均具有显著优势。为实现人工接种东北酸菜的品质提升提供理论基础。     

Microbial ecology of artisanal products from North West of Italy and antimicrobial activity of the autochthonous populations

A total of about 1000 autochthonous strains were isolated from fresh and fermented artisanal products (cheese and meat) of the Piedmont area (Northwest of Italy) and screened for their antimicrobial activity. Among them, 98 bacteriocin-producing strains were detected and identified by molecular methods and genetic determinants encoding the antimicrobial proteins were targeted by PCR. The bacteriocins produced by isolates showed antimicrobial activity towards different spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Brochothrix thermosphacta. Identification of the bacteriocin producing strains resulted in a large number of Lactococcus and Enterococcus strains with a broad spectrum of activity towards more that one spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms tested. In several strains it was possible to detect a combination of different genes responsible for the bacteriocin activity. These newly isolated bacteriocin-producing strains represent potential starters or co-starters to be used in food stabilization using the approach of the biopreservation.     

Characterization of mesophilic mixed starter cultures used for the manufacture of aged cheddar cheese

Seventy-one different Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strains were isolated from seven mesophilic mixed starters used in the manufacture of aged Cheddar cheese in Canada. Based on plasmid profiles and growth in milk (with or without glucose, Casamino Acids or both), two mixed starters were highly heterogeneous, containing at least 18 to 24 distinct L. lactis strains. Three mixed starters were comprised of seven to nine strains, whereas two starters were relatively homogeneous, containing two or three strains. Many strains with similar plasmid profiles behaved differently during growth in milk, indicating variability in the phenotypes. Only 20% of the strains could grow in plain milk, whereas 30% could not grow in milk supplemented with glucose and Casamino Acids. Twenty-five lactococcal bacteriophages were also isolated from whey samples with single strains as hosts. Eighteen phages belonged to the 936 species and seven to the c2 species. Thirteen strains were insensitive to all 25 phages. Almost all sensitive strains were phage species-specific. The 936-like phages had a broader host range.     

Adjunct starter properties affect characteristic features of Swiss-type cheeses

A large number of microorganisms, both starter microorganisms and non-starter lactic acid bacteria originating from the base milk, or from various contamination sources during cheese manufacture, is associated with cheese ripening and the formation of flavour, texture and aroma. Under controlled conditions, Emmental and Bergk?se, a Gruyère-type cheese variety, were produced from pasteurised milk with standard starters and defined strains of facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli (FHL), and partly with addition of a defined mixture of enterococci. Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei and L. rhamnosus (two strains each) were selected with respect to their potential for the utilisation of citric acid and ribose as sole energy source. The FHL developed up to 10(8) cfu/g within the first weeks of ripening, and viable counts in mature cheeses were 10(7) cfu/g, independent of the cheese variety. Bergk?se made with addition of L. rhamnosus strains showed a more pronounced proteolysis, resulting in reduced firmness and elasticity values of the cheese body, and FHL strains able to utilise citric acid improved the appearance of the cheeses by increasing the number of small eyes to the desired level. In Emmental cheese, the citric acid (+) strains reduced the intensity of propionic acid formation as the FHL apparently competed with the propionibacteria, and enterococci disappeared completely during maturation. Although further work is needed the study shows that, depending on the cheese variety, particular properties of FHL adjunct starters significantly affect important quality attributes of the resulting cheeses.