芳香植物精油对食品常见腐败微生物抗菌活性的研究

通过测定抑菌圈直径大小了解食品常见腐败微生物对12种芳香植物精油的抗菌敏感性,进一步测定最低抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度分析食用芳香植物精油抗菌活性。试验表明:食品常见腐败微生物对植物精油表现出不同的敏感性,特别是枯草芽孢杆菌对植物精油抗菌敏感性最强;综合抗菌活性最好的是牛至和百里香精油,浓度达到250μL/L时表现出广谱抗菌性,但肉桂精油对真菌有更好的抗菌活性;采用棋盘稀释法进一步研究植物精油间协同增效效果,发现牛至-百里香复配表现出显著的相加效果;气-质联用仪分析了牛至、百里香和肉桂精油的主要抗菌成分香芹酚、百里香酚和反式肉桂醛等的含量。研究可为食用植物精油作为"高效、安全"的防腐保鲜剂应用于食品领域提供了理论依据。     

植物精油对水产品中常见微生物的抑制效应

研究植物精油对水产品中常见腐败致病微生物的抑制效果。采用滤纸片法测定植物精油的抑菌圈直径,筛选出3种效果较佳的精油;然后运用试管梯度稀释法测定精油对供试菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);采用棋盘稀释法对3种精油的联合抑菌活性进行了研究,并以FICI值对效果进行评价。通过抑菌圈的测定,筛选出肉桂精油、紫苏精油、丁香精油,各精油对供试菌的MIC值范围分别为:0.313~0.625,0.625~2.50,0.625~2.50μL/mL。棋盘稀释法结果表明复配精油对6种供试菌都显示出了协同或相加作用,不存在无关作用和拮抗作用。     

植物精油的熏蒸抗菌活性及其机理研究

本文采用平板熏蒸法测定六种植物精油在气相状态下对四种常见细菌的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(Minimum Bactericidal Concentration,MBC),对效果好的精油进行复配研究并将其应用于小米椒保鲜,通过透射电镜和电导率来阐述肉桂精油熏蒸对大肠杆菌的抗菌机制。结果表明,六种精油中抑菌效果显著的是香茅精油、肉桂精油和罗勒精油,在精油浓度为0.125μL/mL时可以抑制所有的供试菌,而杀菌效果较好的是香茅精油和肉桂精油,除铜绿假单胞菌外,在精油浓度为0.125μL/mL时可杀死其余供试菌。将香茅精油、肉桂精油和罗勒精油进行复配,当三者比例为4:1:8时联合熏蒸抗菌效果最好,复配精油对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌表现出协同增效作用,而对金黄色葡萄球菌则表现为拮抗作用。GC-MS结果表明,香茅精油的熏蒸抗菌能力主要来自香茅醛、香叶醇和香茅醇;肉桂精油主要来自于肉桂醛;罗勒精油则主要来自于草蒿脑、芳樟醇。当复合精油空间浓度为0.125μL/mL时,对小米椒具有较好的防腐保鲜效果。透镜结果显示经肉桂精油熏蒸后的大...     

植物精油对铜绿假单胞菌抗菌作用的研究

采用气相熏蒸法研究了松针油、香茅油、依兰油、康酿克油、山苍子油、莪术油、鼠尾草油、沉香木油、艾叶油、迷迭香油十种植物精油对铜绿假单胞菌的气相抗菌活性,通过测定各种植物精油的最低抑菌浓度比较其抗菌效果。实验结果表明：山苍子精油和香茅精油的抑菌效果最好,其最低抑菌浓度均为250 μL/L;鼠尾草油和依兰油的最低抑菌浓度均为500 μL/L;艾叶油、莪术油和迷迭香油的最低抑菌浓度均为1000 μL/L;松针油、康酿克油和沉香木油未表现明显抗菌活性。山苍子油和香茅油以2:3和3:2进行复配时表现出显著协同增效效果,复配物空间体积浓度为100 μL/L时就能完全抑制铜绿假单胞菌的生长。不同溶剂对复配精油抗菌活性有所影响,以冰乙酸为溶剂抗菌效果最好,乙醇其次,甘油和丙二醇稍差。     

植物复合精油对5种稻谷霉变优势菌株抑菌作用研究

为了研究天然植物精油(百里香、丁香、肉桂)对霉变稻谷的抑菌效果,以5种稻谷霉变优势菌株为受试菌,以霉菌抑菌圈直径大小和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为指标,通过混料设计方法建立复合精油抑菌模型,结合方差分析得到抑菌效果最佳的植物精油配比。研究结果表明,单一精油抑菌活性对亮白曲霉（A. candidus）,杂色曲霉（A. versicolor）和聚多曲霉（A. sydowii）为肉桂精油>丁香精油>百里香精油;对稻黑孢霉（N. oryzae）为肉桂精油=丁香精油>百里精香油;对布罗克青霉菌（P. brocae）为丁香精油=百里香精油<肉桂精油。当肉桂精油:丁香精油:百里香精油的体积比为55.2%︰26.9%︰17.9%时,3种植物精油对5种菌株抑制效果最佳,复合抑制值大于90.9%。     

8种植物精油对肠道常见微生物体外抑菌效果的研究

通过测定抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度,研究八种植物精油（肉桂油、牛至油、百里香油、桉叶油、茶树油、薄荷油、迷迭香油和茴香油）对肠道致病菌和益生菌的体外抑菌活性并与五种抗生素比较。结果表明：八种植物精油均对肠道致病菌和益生菌具有一定的抑杀能力,其中综合抑菌效果最好的是肉桂和牛至,其对黄曲霉和肠道益生菌的抗菌效果远远优于抗生素;肉桂与牛至进行复配时,其对肠道致病菌的抑制作用全表现相加作用(FICI≤0.75),而对肠道益生菌的生长却没有影响(FICI=1)。通过GC-MS分析,肉桂油的主要活性成分为肉桂醛(52.17%)、邻甲氧基肉桂醛(15.18%)和香豆素(2.83%);牛至油的主要活性成分为香芹酚(51.73%)、对伞花烃(8.50%)和γ-松油烯(7.66%)。实验表明,肉桂和牛至复合精油的抗细菌效果可与抗生素媲美,且有着抗生素不可替代的抗真菌效果,为开发新型绿色、安全、高效的抗生素替代品提供有效的理论依据。     

肉桂醛及其复配单离香料对食品有害微生物的抑制作用研究

通过抑菌圈法测试肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、丁香酚、茴香脑和柠檬醛对几种常见有害微生物的抑菌敏感性。同时采用直接接触法测定最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度,研究这六种单离香料及复合单离香料对常见的食品腐败菌及致病菌的抗菌能力,并与常见防腐剂进行对比。研究结果表明：相对于细菌而言,肉桂醛对真菌抑菌能力更强,尤其对黄曲霉的抑菌效果最好;不同供试菌对不同单离香料的敏感度不同,其中大肠杆菌对所选单离香料的敏感度最低;百里香酚的综合抗菌能力最好,肉桂醛和香芹酚次之;但在试验浓度范围内,仅肉桂醛能将枯草芽孢杆菌杀死;复配精油对所有的供试菌（除了金黄色葡萄球菌）杀菌效果都有明显的提高,不同配比的复配精油对不同菌种的抗菌效果有所不同,肉桂醛-百里香酚复配精油对7种供试菌表现出了相加作用或者无关;复配精油的抗菌效果远强于苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾这两种食品防腐剂。     

肉桂和八角精油联合抗菌作用研究

采用2倍连续稀释法分别测定肉桂油和八角油单方及联合使用时的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),利用分级浓度抑制指数(FIC)评价两者联合使用后的抗菌作用。结果表明,肉桂油对供试酵母和细菌的MIC分别为31.25,125.0mg/mL,八角油对供试酵母和细菌的MIC均为1000.0mg/mL,肉桂油的抗菌效果好于相同浓度的八角油。肉桂油和八角油按1∶1体积比复配使用时,对嗜水气单胞菌的抑制表现出协同作用(FIC=0.375),对恶臭假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌表现出相加作用(FIC=0.625),对所有供试菌种均无拮抗作用。肉桂油和八角油复配比例变化,抑菌活性会发生改变,对嗜水气单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌的最佳抑菌复配体积比例均为3∶1。综上,肉桂油和八角油联合使用可以增强抑菌活性,降低各自的使用浓度,从而减弱其用作保鲜剂时对果蔬感官特性的负面影响。     

液相及气相植物精油清除DPPH自由基的研究

本文采用分光光度法研究了14种植物精油在液相和气相状态下清除DPPH自由基的能力。实验结果显示不同精油对DPPH自由基有不同的清除效果,在液相和气相条件中,肉桂精油、百里香油、丁香精油的清除效果最好;进一步选取肉桂精油、百里香油、丁香精油进行复配,丁香精油分别与肉桂精油、百里香油复配产生了协同增效效应,特别是丁香精油和百里香油复配时在气相、液相中均具有很好清除DPPH自由基的效果;丁香精油与百里香油复配时,28℃的气相清除率明显高于19℃,19℃时丁香精油占60~80%会出现气相复配增效效应,而在28℃时占20~60%则出现气相复配增效效应,在液相时丁香精油占40~80%出现复配增效效应。在不同的复配比例中,复配物中的不同抗自由基活性成分间会产生协同增效效应。     

肉桂精油复配香芹酚和百里香酚对食用畜禽有害微生物熏蒸的抗菌活性

通过测定抑菌圈直径确定肉桂精油及单离香料香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物的敏感性,同时采用气相熏蒸法测定最低抑菌浓度（Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（Minimum Bacterial Concentration,MBC）。结果表明：肉桂精油及香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物都具有一定的抑杀能力。肉桂精油对黑曲霉的抗菌效果优于百里香酚和香芹酚,肉桂精油对黑曲霉的MIC和MBC为62.5 μL/L,而百里香酚和香芹酚的MIC和MBC均为125 μL/L;将肉桂精油与香芹酚进行复配,复配精油对白色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉均表现出相加作用（FICI≤1）,而对白色念珠菌则表现为无关作用。通过GC-MS分析,肉桂精油的主要挥发性化学成分中相对含量较高的为肉桂醛（78.19%）、2-甲氧基肉桂醛（8.70%）。采用电子鼻分析溶剂稀释后对复配精油抑菌活性的影响,抑菌能力大小为：丙二醇稀释≈无水乙醇稀释＞未稀释＞甘油稀释＞食用油稀释。实验表明：香芹酚与肉桂精油复配可以提高肉桂精油的抗菌活性,溶剂挥发性的差异会对复配精油的抑菌活性造成不同影响,稀释复配精油时溶剂的较优选择为丙二醇。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

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