干型苹果酒发酵工艺条件的优化

本文是以红富士苹果为原料,经打浆、护色、酶处理、调整成分、发酵、澄清等工艺生产干型苹果酒。通过单因素试验确定了防褐变和澄清的最佳条件为:打浆后加入0.1%柠檬酸和0.04%VC护色;添加0.25%壳聚糖于苹果酒中澄清24 h。通过正交试验得到苹果酒最佳发酵工艺条件为:初始糖度为20%,接种量为8%,发酵时间为10 d。最终得到的干型苹果酒呈浅黄绿色,澄清透明,酒体丰满,酸甜适中,具有悦人的苹果果香和清新的酒香。     

苹果酒的研制

苹果是营养非常丰富的水果。以苹果鲜果为原料,经清洗、破碎、发酵、调整、贮存、分离、冷冻、过滤制成苹果酒。苹果酒是一种滋补健身的饮料酒,对人体生理功能有调节作用。主要工艺要点:破碎后的苹果汁中加入二氧化硫,防止果汁腐败,添加量为12-20g/100L;果胶酶的添加量为0.15%;然后加入5%-10%的人工培养酵母液,控制发酵温度在18℃-22℃之间。     

苹果白酒与苹果醋联合生产工艺的研究

以苹果为原料,经酒精发酵制成苹果酒.苹果酒蒸馏后得到苹果白酒,蒸馏余液加入食用酒精进行醋酸发酵,制得酸味柔和、口感绵醇的苹果醋.此工艺将酿酒制醋有机地结合起来,为水果加工提供了新的途径,同时满足了市场多元化的需求.     

黄精苹果酒的研制及挥发性成分分析

以酒黄精和苹果为原料,制作具有保健功效的黄精苹果酒,并研究挥发性成分的变化。通过正交试验优化得到黄精苹果酒最佳制作工艺:酵母添加量为0.10 %、发酵温度为26 ℃、酒黄精添加量为2.0%和含糖量为20%,经方差分析得到含糖量和酒黄精添加量对黄精苹果酒制作影响显著。酒黄精、苹果和黄精苹果酒检出挥发性成分共47种,其中酒黄精中挥发性物质共17种,苹果中挥发性物质共12种,黄精苹果酒中挥发性物质共28种。与原料酒黄精和苹果相比,黄精苹果酒的风味物质在种类和含量都有极大的增加,可见发酵有助于产生大量风味物质和营养物质。     

果胶酶对苹果酒发酵中甲醇的影响

苹果酒生产中常加入果胶酶以提高产量,改善品质.以4个苹果品种为研究对象,研究果胶酶(Rapi-dase ADEX-D)在苹果发酵过程中对甲醇、乙醇含量的影响.结果表明,果胶酶的加入对不同品种的苹果发酵过程中乙醇含量的影响不完全一致,Cortland、Fuji、Crispin蒸馏酒中加入果胶酶后与未加入果胶酶相比,乙醇含量分别增加了3.39%、1.39%、5.59%,而Empire中的乙醇含量则减少了0.57%.但在各品种的蒸馏酒中甲醇的含量都有不同程度的提高,而且都高于国家标准规定的在酒精度为40%vol时白兰地中甲醇的最低限量200mg/100mL.     

固定化活性干酵母发酵生产苹果酒工艺及澄清技术研究

以苹果为原料,研究了海藻酸钙固定活性干酵母制备干型苹果酒的发酵及下胶澄清工艺技术.结果表明:苹果破碎时用0.1%柠檬酸和0.1%异VC进行护色,并添加0.02%果胶酶和0.05%纤维素酶处理20min,接种0.5%固定化活性干酵母在20～25℃下发酵至高泡期,经糖分调整至潜在酒精度10,再进行二次发酵,苹果原酒中添加0.2g/L明胶、0.2g/L皂土和0.1g/L壳聚糖澄清30min,可得金黄透亮、香气优雅、口感纯净的干型苹果酒.     

不同原料苹果酒的酿造特性研究

以‘金世纪’单一苹果品种及‘金世纪’、‘嘎啦’、‘澳洲青苹’混合（1∶1∶1）苹果品种为原料酿造苹果酒,并对其进行理化指标、多酚物质、香气成分测定及感官品评。结果表明,两种苹果酒理化指标差异不显著（P＞0.05）;混合发酵苹果酒中的酚类物质总量（61.88 mg/L）显著高于单独发酵苹果酒（56.90 mg/L）（P＜0.05）,其中以原儿茶酸、儿茶素、原花青素、表儿茶素和绿原酸为主。香气主要以醇类和酯类物质为主,两种苹果酒中醇类物质含量分别为216.83 mg/L和78.85 mg/L;酯类以乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乳酸乙酯和乙酸己酯为主,前三者在混合发酵苹果酒中含量均显著高于单独发酵苹果酒（P＜0.05）,使其香气更加浓郁和复杂。混合发酵苹果酒在澄清度、回味、香气、风味平衡方面更好,但在色泽方面稍差。因此,混合苹果品种发酵更适合于苹果酒的酿造。     

液态发酵法生产苹果果酒的工艺研究

选用徐州丰县大沙河苹果为原料,通过液态发酵法进行苹果果酒发酵工艺优化研究,确定苹果酒发酵的最佳工艺条件为:果胶酶添加量0.15%、蔗糖添加量24%、发酵剂添加量0.04%,发酵时间为5 d~7 d,温度为20℃;在最优工艺条件下得到的苹果酒呈浅黄绿色,酒香醇厚协调、酒体丰满爽口。同时对其产品检验结果与NY/T 1508-2007《农业行业标准绿色食品果酒》标准中各项指标进行对比均符合标准。     

低醇苹果酒的研制

以国光苹果为原料,采用带渣发酵,通过控制糖的添加量来保证苹果酒的酒精含量为5%vol。利用正交试验确定低醇苹果酒的最佳工艺条件为：酵母接种量为0.3%,初始pH为3.5,发酵温度为18℃。通过单因素试验对半甜型苹果酒中酸度和糖度进行确定,最终得到营养丰富、具有多种保健功能的低醇苹果酒。     

一株低产高级醇酵母菌在苹果酒酿造中的应用

目的 优化一株低产高级醇酵母菌发酵苹果酒的工艺条件。方法 采用一株低产高级醇的果酒酵母, 以红富士苹果为原料, 通过单因素试验和正交试验, 对影响苹果酒发酵的工艺参数进行优化。结果 最佳苹果酒酿造工艺为: 酵母液接种量5%, 果汁糖度18%, 发酵温度22 ℃; 经验证和对比, 该工艺条件有效控制了高级醇的含量, 比果酒酵母产的高级醇低, 为72 mg/100 mL。结论 本文对低醇苹果酒的酿造具有一定的指导意义。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.