多哈回合后的乳品贸易政策

<正> 多哈谈判于2001年开始,其总体目标是减少全球范围内的贫穷,所以被称为"多哈发展回合"。农业是谈判的中心问题,目标是取消出口补贴,提高市场准入和减少国内补贴。多哈回合在农业方面也确实取得了一定成效,目前已经达成或基本达成的协议主要包括了2013年前取消出口补贴,大幅减少对农     

国际奶业环境主要的贸易和政策趋势

<正> 当前的世界乳制品市场正在经历一场意义深远的变革,而影响国际乳业贸易与政策环境的趋势主要有四个:价格结构性的、持续向上的趋势;市场活动从传统的被保护的发达国家向着更开放的不断变化的发展中国家转移,这包括中国与印度作为主要参与者出现在国际乳业的舞台上;是混乱但又逐步向着乳业市场自由化方向转变的趋势;关注质量、安全及持续性生产的趋势。     

The precautionary principle and other non-tariff barriers to free and fair international food trade

International food trade and world population are growing rapidly. National legislation has been enacted and implemented in many countries to assure good quality and safe foods to meet increased demand. No country is fully self-sufficient in domestic food production to meet population demands, and all require some food imports. Current international food trade agreements call for free and fair food trade between all countries, developed and developing. National food legislation and food production, processing and marketing systems have evolved in most countries to ensure better quality and safer foods. At the international level the work of the FAO/ WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) and the World Trade Organization Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and related Uruguay Round agreements have been agreed to by over 140 countries with the aim to promoting the free and fair trade of good quality and safe foods between all countries. The SPS and TBT agreements rely on science-based Codex standards, guidelines, and recommendations as benchmarks for judging international food trade disputes. A number of non-tariff barriers to trade, often related to agricultural subsidies and other food trade payments in developed countries, continue to give rise to complaints to WTO. They also continue to prevent free and fair trade, particularly for developing countries in international food trade. A number of these non-tariff barriers to trade are briefly examined, along with other domestic and international food trade problems, and recommendations for improvements are made.     

Socioeconomic Aspects of Dairying in Developing Countries

Development of economically viable and socially acceptable dairy production systems in developing countries requires simultaneous consideration of production, distribution, and pricing aspects. Integration of dairying can best proceed through focusing on a local point of daily contact with farmers such as a collection center or processing plant.Total demand for milk and milk products is forecast to grow most rapidly in the Latin America and Far East regions. Chronic surpluses of the major dairy product traded internationally, nonfat dry milk, will keep international prices relatively low and force most developing countries to subsidize local milk production, at least in initial stages of development.Four basic types of dairying systems for developing countries are defined by criteria of specialization, use of milk, feeding systems, and animal species. Input-output relationships for some of these systems are discussed. Milk transportation and procurement problems for each class also are summarized.The organization and efficiency of milk procurement, processing, and distribution are seen as critical factors in eliciting the needed production response from small holders in developing countries. Minimum sizes for collection and processing systems are summarized. Finally, the potential role of dairying in rural development is discussed, and factors critical for success are listed.     

农产品出口退税政策调整的影响及应对措施

我国自1985年开始实施出口退税制度以来,为促进出口贸易、提高农民收入,国家实行全面鼓励农产品出口的政策。但近年来,随着国际国内经济环境的变化,国家对一些初级农产品特别是粮食作物的出口退税率不断下调,并取消了部分农产品退税政策。从长远来看,这一政策在一定程度上抑制粮食的出口,保证国内供应,缓解国内农产品价格的上涨,同时对改变企业经济增长方式、提升产业结构意义重大。但短期内对于农产品出口企业来说,出口退税率的下调,将直接导致企业出口成本的大幅增加,在一定程度上削弱了出口竞争力,危及到企业的生存与发展。本文结合农产品出口具有薄利多销、多数为中小型企业的现状,为减弱因出口退税率调整给企业带来的短期不利影响,从财务规划和成本管理方面着手分析提出4点应对措施,其中控制成本是最主要措施。本文参照一些企业成本控制流程的经验,具体说明如何应对。     

Potential of Listeria hazard in African fishery products and possible control measures

Africa contributes 5.54 million MT (4.5%) to the world harvest of aquatic organisms. Fisheries represent a vital sector for many countries in Africa, both for domestic food supply, employment opportunities and foreign exchange earnings. Despite the low level of African fish production and export in comparison with the other continents, fish represent the major protein Source in many countries (36-58% of animal proteins in C te d'Ivoire, Congo, Senegal, Angola) and fishing is a vital activity for Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Ghana, Tunisia and other countries. In fact, it is the main sector for foreign exchange earnings in countries such as Senegal and Mauritania (Ababouch, 1998b; 1999). Consequently, expansion of export and development and production of value-added products in Africa for export are strategic keys for future economic development. This will require the implementation of reliable in-plant HACCP-based quality and safety control systems. Unfortunately, very little in known about the prevalence and ecology of Listeria in food, especially as it relates to seafood safety. This paper discusses the potential of Listeria hazard from African fishery products and speculates on some possible control measures.     

Export competitiveness of dairy products on global markets: The case of the European Union countries

This paper analyzed the export competitiveness of dairy products of the European Union (EU) countries (EU-27) on intra-EU, extra-EU, and global markets, using the revealed comparative advantage index over the 2000–2011 period. The results indicated that about half of the EU-27 countries have had competitive exports in a certain segment of dairy products. The results differed by level of milk processing and for intra-EU and extra-EU markets, and did so over the analyzed years. Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, and the Netherlands are old EU-15 countries with competitive dairy exports (from the lowest to the highest according to the level of milk processing). The majority of the new EU-12 countries have faced difficulties in maintaining their level of export competitiveness, at least for some dairy products and market segments. The more competitive EU-12 countries in dairy exports were the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Poland. The duration of export competitiveness differed across the dairy groups of products according to the level of milk processing, indicating the importance of dairy chain product differentiation for export competitiveness and specialization. The export competitiveness of the higher level of processed milk products for final consumption can be significant for export dairy chain competitiveness on global markets.     

入世后我国动物性食品出口面临挑战及对策

本文列举了发达国家对我国动物源性食品出口的冲击,介绍了我国为应对入世挑战所采取的相应措施.     

Future export market for dairy commodities, with emphasis on skimmed milk powder

Figures are given for the EEC and world production and markets for butter and skimmed milk powder. However, in the final analysis the world market is unquantifiable as it depends on the ability of importing countries to pay and the incentives offered by exporting countries. The factors controlling price, within and outside the EEC, and the effects of exporters' credit policies are discussed. The UK can at times have an advantage through movements in the value of sterling against other currencies. However, in the foreseeable future export prices will continue to be artificially determined through government subsidies, although some firming of prices is likely because of restrictions on milk production in the EEC and probably in the USA.     

“一带一路”倡议对中国向沿线国家乳制品出口的影响研究

利用联合国贸易数据库的乳制品出口数据和世界发展指标数据,在对中国向沿线国家乳制品出口现状和“一带一路”倡议对中国向沿线国家乳制品出口影响机制进行理论分析的基础上,运用系统广义矩估计的双重差分模型探究“一带一路”倡议对中国向沿线国家乳制品出口的影响。研究发现,“一带一路”倡议的提出显著地促进了中国对沿线国家的乳制品出口。基于研究结论,提出巩固乳制品质量安全、提高乳制品国际贸易竞争力和抓住“一带一路”倡议机遇的对策建议。     

中外乳及乳制品法规与主要检测指标的比较分析

乳制品质量与安全是一个全球性的重要问题。许多国家纷纷采取立法、行政、司法以及提高检验技术等多种措施,以提高乳及乳制品的质量与安全。近年来,我国进口乳及乳制品的种类和数量与日俱增,但由于国内外法规与标准检测指标差异,导致进口乳制品“安全风险难以发现”、出口乳制品“遭受贸易技术壁垒”事件频发。为维护我国进出口乳制品企业和消费者合法权益,保障乳制品质量安全,亟需明确国内外乳制品法规与标准在检测指标方面的差异,提升检测方法的针对性和准确度。本文对我国乳制品的标准现状、我国与主要贸易国在乳制品质量与安全方面主要检测指标的差异进行了比较分析,指出了中外乳制品法规、检测指标和限量值的不同,并对我国乳制品法规、检测指标及限量值等标准的改进给出了建议,以期为我国全面科学地优化进出口乳及乳制品法规提供参考。     

国际奶业市场的最新动态与趋势

近期,在南京举办的"第五界中国国际奶业展览会及高层论坛"中,恒天然商贸(上海)有限公司中国商务发展部总经理郭学研先生为大会做了题为"变化中的世界奶业市场——过去、现在和将来"的报告,具体分析了国际奶业市场的最新动态与趋势。郭先生从需求和供应两个基本方面着手分析,具体涉及到了消费水平、产品结构、气候变化、饲料价格、出口补贴和征税以及汇率等多方面的影响。     

Invited review: Hygienic quality,composition, and technological performance of raw milk obtained by robotic milking of cows

Automatic milking systems (AMS), first introduced on dairy farms in the 1990s, rapidly spread across many countries. This technology is based on the voluntary milking of dairy cattle in a completely automated process, which relies on computer management, with a substantial average increase in milking frequency. Compared with conventional milking, AMS significantly alters herd management, with important implications on economic, technical, and social aspects of farming, on animal physiology, health, and well-being. These aspects are explored in an extensive body of research. In contrast, the effects of AMS adoption on milk quality are often overlooked. This review draws together both positive and negative effects of AMS on the milk production chain, particularly emphasizing the variations of hygienic and compositive characteristics of raw milk and their interplay, as compared with milk obtained with conventional milking. Scattered and sometimes conflicting literature exists on whether and how these variations may influence quality and yield of the derived dairy products. Current scientific knowledge on these crucial aspects is thus reviewed, with particular focus on milk technological suitability for being processed into dairy products having the target characteristics in terms of taste, structure, on-storage stability, and sustainability. Provided the managing conditions are optimized, AMS allow increased milk production, mostly due to more frequent milking, without compromising the milk characteristics that are crucial to food industry for processing. Nevertheless, specific biochemical aspects related to the changed milking interval, which determines the duration of enzyme activities and bacterial growth in milk, need further research.     

全球经济政策不确定性对中国粮食价格波动影响的实证分析（网络首发、推荐阅读）

不断调整的国内外经济政策,不仅对我国利用国际市场资源带来挑战,还可能通过价格传导的形式影响国内粮食价格,甚至粮食生产。在广泛搜集影响粮食价格波动相关因素的基础上,采用主成分分析和时变参数因子增强向量自回归模型（TVP-FAVAR）相结合的方法,分析了供求因素、金融及能源因素以及全球经济政策不稳定性对我国粮食价格的影响。主要研究发现如下：全球经济政策不确定性对国内粮食价格有显著的负向冲击;不同种类粮食价格对不确定性冲击的响应是有差异的。针对模型结果,提出如下政策建议：在中美贸易战愈演愈烈的今天,面对来自国际市场的不确定性冲击,政策制定者应该采取组合策略平抑国际市场的冲击;政策制定者应针对不同粮食品种实施有差别的价格政策和调节手段;加强粮食市场信息监测系统建设,提高根据价格监测信息准确解读市场行情的能力,制定多样化价格调整政策来抵消外部市场的不确定性冲击;我国可以通过与更多具有粮食出口潜力的国家实施更多的贸易自由协定,为国民寻求更加稳定的外部供给渠道,减缓主要国家贸易政策不稳定性带来的不利影响。     

多措并举, 把好出口乳品质量关

随着“三聚氰胺”阴影的逐渐散去和乳制品消费市场的逐渐回暖, 如何做好出口乳品的检验检疫工作和质量安全监督管理工作是对监管部门提出的一个严峻挑战。 本文分析了出口乳品受阻对本省乳品生产企业产生的不利的影响,为进一步提高出口乳品的管理水平、确保出口乳品安全, 提出了“风险分析等级评定、生产过程监管、提升企业自检自控能力、加强乳品防护措施、电子监管和企业自身管理的融合、产品安全指标监控”等6项举措。     

我国出口澳大利亚生虾产品技术贸易措施分析及对策研究

水产品是我国主要的出口产品,在国民经济尤其农业经济中占有重要定位。澳大利亚被公认为全球动植物检验检疫措施最严格的国家之一,近几年对进口生虾采取越来越严格的进口贸易措施。本文通过回顾澳大利亚近几年针对进口生虾贸易措施发展进程,从澳大利亚风险分析体系和疫情防控机制、国内技术性贸易措施应对等方面对存在问题进行分析,从而对公共信息服务、加强技术支撑能力建设等方面提出一系列建议和思考,为我国出口水产品应对技术性贸易措施提供一定参考。     

品牌建设需要新思维

<正> 对于乳品企业来说,由于企业在短期内高速发展,企业的品牌管理与企业环境与规划、市场营销、消费心理、资本运营等构成了复杂的系统,品牌管理面临越来越复杂的环境。 做大企业规模,做大市场份额,做大企业名气是乳品企业发展的“三大衰败”模式。而在品牌定位、价值塑造方面有迷     

Invited review: Current production trends,farm structures,and economics of the dairy sheep and goat sectors

Dairy small ruminants account for approximately 21% of all sheep and goats in the world, produce around 3.5% of the world's milk, and are mainly located in subtropical-temperate areas of Asia, Europe, and Africa. Dairy sheep are concentrated around the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, where their dairy products are typical ingredients of the human diet. Dairy goats are concentrated in low-income, food-deficit countries of the Indian subcontinent, where their products are a key food source, but are also present in high-income, technologically developed countries. This review evaluates the status of the dairy sheep and goat sectors in the world, with special focus on the commercially and technically developed industries in France, Greece, Italy, and Spain (FGIS). Dairy small ruminants account for a minor part of the total agricultural output in France, Italy, and Spain (0.9 to 1.8%) and a larger part in Greece (8.8%). In FGIS, the dairy sheep industry is based on local breeds and crossbreeds raised under semi-intensive and intensive systems and is concentrated in a few regions in these countries. Average flock size varies from small to medium (140 to 333 ewes/farm), and milk yield from low to medium (85 to 216 L/ewe), showing substantial room for improvement. Most sheep milk is sold to industries and processed into traditional cheese types, many of which are Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) cheeses for gourmet and export markets (e.g., Pecorino, Manchego, and Roquefort). By comparing break-even milk price among FGIS countries, we observed the following: (1) most Greek and French dairy sheep farms were unprofitable, with the exception of the intensive Chios farms of Greece; (2) milk price was aligned with cost of production in Italy; and (3) profitable farms coexisted with unprofitable farms in Spain. In FGIS, dairy goat production is based on local breeds raised under more extensive systems than sheep. Compared with sheep, average dairy goat herds are smaller (36 to 190 does/farm) but milk yield is greater (153 to 589 L/doe), showing room for improvement. Goat milk is mainly processed on-farm into dairy products for national markets, but some PDO goat milk cheeses (e.g., Murcia al Vino) are exported. Processed goat milk is sold for local human consumption or dehydrated for export. Mixed sheep-goat (e.g., Feta) and cow-sheep-goat milk cheeses are common in many countries. Strategies to improve the dairy sheep and goat sectors in these 4 countries are proposed and discussed.     

2019年WTO通报食品接触材料技术性贸易措施和欧盟通报情况概述

食品接触材料正成为技术性贸易措施新的关注点。各国针对食品接触材料出台的技术性贸易措施,可能会由于检测项目的设置差异、食品模拟物的选择和迁移试验条件的不同等原因,阻碍我国食品接触材料的出口。本文首先对2019年日本、阿根廷、巴西、泰国、肯尼亚等国家出台的WTO通报的食品接触材料技术性贸易措施进行了概述,列明分析了其中食品接触材料这些措施的关键技术指标,并与我国食品接触材料标准进行了比较研究,。而后,进而从通报总体情况、通报国家、被通报国家或地区、被通报产品、通报原因、采取措施等6个方面,对2019年欧盟通报食品接触材料情况进行了综合评价分析,,最后,提出应对国外食品接触材料技术性贸易措施的建议,以旨在帮助为我国食品接触材料生产企业提升产品质量提供借鉴,规避出口风险。     

WORLD MARKET AVAILABILITY AND REQUIREMENTS

World trends in milk products and the present increase in milk yield with the availability of food supplies and nutrition in both developed and developing countries are evaluated. The problems of price setting, and price fluctuation in a world market are shown and the need for stable prices recognized. The necessity for technological expertise in dairy processing and quality standards for dairy products shows an essential aspect of future development.