用木材生产生物燃料与纸浆

杨木木片硫酸盐制浆前,进行缓和的碱抽提处理,抽提出半纤维素用作生物燃料(生物乙醇),在温度90℃,NaOH 1～2M,液比1∶4条件下进行碱处理,不需要高压设备,每吨木片得到半纤维素40～50kg,经碱抽提后木片进行硫酸盐蒸煮,与未经碱抽提木片参照对比,纸浆得率基本相同,但是需要很好地控制碱抽提与硫酸盐蒸煮工艺条件,能缩短蒸煮时间和节省化学品用量。碱预抽提木片得到的硫酸盐纸浆中纤维素/半纤维素的比率稍高,导致纸浆的抗张指数稍有降低(约10%),但是纸浆白度较高且筛渣含量低,为使硫酸盐纸浆的质量和得率保持较高水平,采用缓和的碱预抽提,使半纤维素得率较低,而回收的半纤维素的浓缩和离析比木片自水解或稀酸水解回收糠醛更加容易。     

几种提高蓝桉硫酸盐法制浆得率的方法

研究了蓝桉硫酸盐法制浆过程中提高原料中聚糖留着率的方法。添加蒽醌（AQ）的硫酸盐法制浆得率最高;添加尿素能减少聚糖的解聚（浆料黏度增加）,但对浆料得率无显著影响。在硫酸盐法蒸煮过程中,提早中断蒸煮,尤其是在快速、有选择性的大量脱木素段后便停止蒸煮,然后再进行氧脱木素是提高纸浆得率的有效方法。氧脱木素的得率损失明显低于硫酸盐法蒸煮过程终段（残余脱木素阶段）所造成的得率损失。在蒸煮的3个阶段,控制蒸煮液中OH？/HS？的用量也能提高纸浆得率,但纸浆得率随总用碱量减少而增加的结论是相比常规制浆条件下得到的。在常规硫酸盐法制浆中,活性碱用量对纸浆得率和黏度起决定性作用。低活性碱用量（14%）在提高纸浆得率的同时能保持纸浆黏度基本不变或略有上升,纸浆得率提高分别为纤维素和木素保留量提高所致。在制浆终段,纤维素组分的降低是纸浆得率下降的主要原因,而木聚糖组分基本保持不变,这是蓝桉半纤维素结构的特殊性所致。     

不同预处理方式对蔗渣半纤维素降解的影响

通过对蔗渣预处理底物主要组分和制浆特性以及预处理过程中糖组分变化的研究,分析比较了热水预处理、稀酸预处理和稀碱预处理三种预处理方式对蔗渣半纤维素降解的影响。结果表明,酸预处理对半纤维素脱出选择性最好,聚戊糖溶出率可达85.97%,在保温20min时蒸煮液中主要糖组分木糖的浓度达到最大,为64.05g/L;热水预处理与酸预处理作用类似,但其纤维素降解少、得率高,聚戊糖溶出率为63.82%,反应结束时木糖浓度最高为38.67g/L;碱预处理选择性最差,木素溶出多,蒸煮液糖浓度很低,不利于后续预处理液的分离利用。当然,三种预处理都能够提高底物的制浆性能,相对原料直接蒸煮,底物蒸煮所得纸浆的卡伯值降低了1/3,纸浆得率和黏度则有所提高。     

蔗渣纤维中半纤维素的预抽提及干强剂对纸张性能的影响

首先研究了蔗渣热水预抽提,以确定热水预抽提对蔗渣烧碱法制浆及漂白性能的影响.探讨了2种干强剂（壳聚糖和阳离子淀粉）对抽提与未抽提蔗渣浆成纸性能的影响.研究发现,在液比1∶8、抽提温度140℃、抽提时间10 min的条件下,除髓蔗渣中半纤维素去除率达24.6％,且随抽提时间的延长和抽提温度的升高,抽提物也随之增加.在抽提温度170℃、抽提时间30 min的条件下,半纤维素去除率达65.5％.采用抽提后的蔗渣进行烧碱法制浆的最优条件是：活性碱用量17％,最高蒸煮温度160℃,升温时间90 min,保温时间60 min,液比1∶5.采用传统无元素氯漂白（D0ED1）对抽提蔗渣浆和未抽提蔗渣浆进行漂白.与未抽提蔗渣浆相比,抽提蔗渣浆的得率更高,白度更高,卡伯值和筛渣率有适量减少.当活性碱用量从11％增加到17％时,浆料得率也随之增加.热水预抽提对纸张性能有负面影响.总的来说,添加壳聚糖的纸张比添加阳离子淀粉的纸张具有更好的强度性能.     

无硫溶解浆及其在黏胶纤维和Lyocell纤维中的应用

采用多功能碱法制浆工艺可生产出高纯度和高得率的溶解浆。水自水解（PH）或碱抽提（E）用于蒸煮前预处理,可以选择性脱除半纤维素。在氧脱木素后的冷碱抽提（CCE）段中分离半纤维素,蒽醌成功地替代了硫。通过这些改进对净化的溶解浆进行了TCF漂白和黏胶纤维及Lyocell纤维的应用测试。所有浆料均达到溶解浆的标准。另外,CCE浆漂白之后得率较高。浆料纤维形态变化（如细胞壁外层的超微结构、比表面积和例向微纤丝聚集体尺寸）导致其常规黏胶纤维加工的反应性能降低。碱净化后的残余聚木糖具有较低的官能团含量和较高的分子质量,并明显截留在纤维素微纤丝聚集体中,使得半纤维素在标准黏胶纤维加工中不易浸渍。同时,碱净化工段不会明显影响浆料的反应性能,但会使纤维素的超微分子结构由纤维素I部分转变为纤维素II。然而,由于浆料在NMMO中的溶解性较大,所以这些浆料参数的差异并不影响Lyocell纤维的加工。实验室纺丝实验结果表明,制得的常规黏胶纤维和Lyocell纤维均具有较高的纤维强度。     

对硫酸盐法制浆中碱抽提的探讨

为抽提出半纤维素并将其用作生物燃料,在硫酸盐法制浆前先对杨木木片进行了温和的碱处理。抽提在50～90℃下进行,不需要昂贵的加压反应装置,每吨木片可以回收40～50kg半纤维素,与常规蒸煮相比,抽提后的木片再经蒸煮也可以生产出等量的纸浆。预抽提需优化制浆工艺,从而缩短蒸煮时间,减少化学品用量。预抽提后的硫酸盐浆具有较高的纤维素／半纤维素比值,使抗张指数稍有下降（大约10％）,但可改进纸浆白度。此法虽然半纤维素得率低,但浆的性质和得率可保持在较高水平。回收的半纤维素比自动水解或稀酸处理后得到的糠醛更易浓缩和分离。     

不同加工条件对小麦麸皮半纤维素得率的影响

为从小麦麸皮中得到更多的半纤维素,研究了直接碱提、蒸煮后碱提、加酸蒸煮后碱提对半纤维素得率的影响,结果表明:提高碱液浓度和进行蒸煮预处理均可不同程度提高半纤维素得率,其中加酸蒸煮半纤维素得率在25%以上。     

慈竹模拟置换蒸煮工艺研究

研究了慈竹模拟置换蒸煮过程中预浸渍段、温充段、热充段NaOH浓度及硫化度对置换蒸煮的影响。结果表明,在慈竹模拟置换蒸煮过程中,在一定范围内NaOH浓度升高时,有利于药液向慈竹内部的渗透,利于蒸煮;温充段对脱木素的贡献大于预浸渍阶段;热充段NaOH浓度对深度脱木素影响最显著。硫化度从23%提高到44%时,利于深度脱木素,浆料卡伯值下降显著,同时得率也随之下降。当预浸渍段、温充段、热充段的NaOH浓度分别为10、15～20、30 g/L,硫化度为23%～30%时,浆料卡伯值为10.7～17.8,得率为43.1%～45.1%。置换蒸煮与普通蒸煮相比,当成浆得率相当时,置换蒸煮成浆卡伯值较低;当卡伯值相当时,置换蒸煮成浆得率较高。     

热水抽提对麦草碱法制浆性能的影响

在麦草蒸煮之前进行热水抽提,将抽提后的麦草与未抽提的麦草在相同反应条件下进行烧碱–蒽醌法制浆,探讨热水抽提对麦草碱法制浆后浆料性能的影响。热水抽提后麦草的制浆结果表明:抽提后麦草的蒸煮脱木素率提高,卡伯值下降,但是,浆料得率均有不同程度的降低。经过热水抽提,麦草碱法制浆性能提高,可以降低用碱量,缩短蒸煮保温时间。在本实验条件下,热水抽提的较佳工艺条件为:抽提最高温度140℃,升温时间30min,保温时间60min,液比1:10;后续蒸煮的较佳工艺条件为:用碱量12%(以NaOH计),蒸煮最高温度155℃,升温时间90min,保温时间30min,液比1:5。     

半纤维素可用作表面施胶剂

蒸煮以后保留在纸浆中的半纤维素,不仅可以增加纸浆得率,而且.使纸浆易于打浆,因此半纤维素是纸浆中的—个重要组份。各种原料所含半纤维素的量不同,各种原料在蒸煮时所采用的条件不同,因此,纸浆中保留的半纤维素的量不同,蒸煮废液中含有的半纤维素量也各不相同。新西兰和澳大利亚的造纸杂志介绍了用烧碱蔗渣制浆得到的半纤维素,可以用于表面施胶,其施胶效     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.