Comparison of Functional Characteristics of Modified Corn Gluten Meal In Vitro and in an Emulsified Meat Model System

ABSTRACT Corn gluten meal (CGM) was pH-adjusted (6.6) and particle-size reduced (MC7, 7 μm; MC38, 38 μm) then compared with native CGM and soy protein isolate (SPI) for emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsifying stabilization (ES), oil-binding capacity (OBC), and water-holding capacity (WHC) in vitro and in an emulsified meat model system. MC7 and MC38 had EA, ES, and OBC, which was superior to native CGM; no significant change occurred in water solubility. In 1% and 2% NaCl solution, MC7 and MC38 resulted in more stable emulsions than SPI. In an emulsified meat model system, SPI had superior ES to CGM-based substances; however, reheated cook losses did not differ.     

Effect of Chemically Modified Soy Proteins and Ficin-tenderized Meat on the Quality Attributes of Sausage

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this investigation was to use ficin‐tenderized meat and cysteine‐modified soy proteins in the production of bologna and to evaluate the effect of these modifications on water‐holding capacity (WHC), emulsion stability (ES), texture, and protein solubility. The effect of ficin on meat protein was also evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Results indicated that both ficin‐tenderized meat and modified soy proteins substantially improved WHC, ES, and other quality factors. SDS‐PAGE results showed the disappearance of several protein bands in ficin‐treated meat. Solubility of meat proteins increased when ficin was used for meat tenderization. The results of this study indicated that some quality attributes of meat products can be improved by enzymatic and chemical modification of protein sources in the manufacture of meat products.     

Functional Properties of Veal Bone Hydrolysates

Meat hydrolysates were prepared from crushed veal bone residues, using a commercial preparation of Bacillus subtilis (55°C, pH 7.0). Influence of degree of hydrolysis (DH = 4.0; 5.0; 5.6; 6.2, 8.2%) on functional properties of freeze-dried hydrolysates was studied as compared to sodium caseinate and gelatin, for possible use as natural stock bases for soups, sauces and ready-cooked dishes. Limited proteolysis was controlled using pH-stat and the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-methods with strong correlation. Partial hydrolysis improved protein solubility more than 74% over a wide pH range. Emulsifying capacity (EC), activity (EA) and stability (ES) were determined by conductivity measurements. EC and EA increased with protein concentration ranging from 0.025 to 0.25%, while EC decreased with DH. Correlations were high between EA, EC, DH, and adsorption rate.     

Modified Soy Proteins with Improved Foaming and Water Hydration Properties

Soy proteins were modified by alkali treatment at pH 10.0, followed by papain hydrolysis. Solubility, water hydration capacity (WHC), surface hydrophobicity, foaming and emulsifying properties of unmodified, alkali-treated, and papain-modified soy protein (PMSP) were compared. PMSP exhibited higher solubility (100% at pH > 7.0), WHC (3.13) and hydrophobicity (40.8) than unmodified soy protein which had solubility 68.5%, WHC 0.21, and hydrophobicity 8.1. The PMSP had foaming capacity (22.0 mL) similar to egg white (21.2 mL) at pH 7.0; and enhanced foam stability (36.4) compared to the unmodified control (32.9). In general, alkali-treated soy had lower functional properties. Emulsifying properties of PMSP and alkali treated soy were unchanged by the modification. PMSP could be used as an egg white substitute in foaming applications at neutral pH.     

Influence of degree of hydrolysis on functional properties and angiotensin I‐converting enzyme‐inhibitory activity of protein hydrolysates from cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) by‐products

BACKGROUND: In Tunisia the cuttlefish‐processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes. These wastes, which may represent 35% of the original material and constitute an important source of proteins, are discarded without any attempt at recovery. This paper describes some functional properties and the angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity of protein hydrolysates prepared by hydrolysis of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) by‐products with crude enzyme extract from Bacillus licheniformis NH1. RESULTS: Cuttlefish by‐product protein hydrolysates (CPHs) with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH 5, 10 and 13.5%) were prepared. All CPHs contained 750–790 g kg^?1 proteins. Solubility, emulsifying capacity and water‐holding capacity increased while fat absorption and foaming capacity decreased with increasing DH. All hydrolysates showed greater fat absorption than the water‐soluble fraction from undigested cuttlefish by‐product proteins and casein. CPHs were also analysed for their ACE‐inhibitory activity. CPH3 (DH 13.5%) displayed the highest ACE inhibition (79%), with an IC₅₀ value of 1 mg mL^?1. CONCLUSION: Hydrolysis of cuttlefish by‐product proteins with alkaline proteases from B. licheniformis resulted in a product with excellent solubility over a wide pH range and high ACE‐inhibitory activity. This study suggests that CPHs could be utilised to develop functional foods for prevention of hypertension. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

碱性蛋白酶限制性酶解对蓝圆鲹分离蛋白功能特性的影响

以蓝圆鲹（Decapterus maruadsi）分离蛋白为原料,采用碱性蛋白酶对其进行限制性酶解,研究水解度（degree of hydrolysis,DH）对分离蛋白酶解产物溶解性、持油力、乳化性与起泡性等功能特性的影响。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解产物的相对分子质量显著下降。酶解可有效提高分离蛋白的溶解性,其溶解度随DH增加而增加。与对照组相比,分离蛋白经酶解后,产物乳化性与起泡性均显著提高,并呈现先升高后降低的趋势。不同DH酶解产物在pH值为4.0时的乳化性和起泡性最低;当pH值为10.0时,DH5（DH=5%）的乳化性最高（（100.9±0.7）m2/g）;当pH值为7.0时,DH5起泡性最高（（227.3±3.8）%）。除DH20外,其他组的持油力均有显著提高,其中DH5的持油力最高,达3.50 g/g（油/蛋白）。结果表明,一定程度的水解可以显著提高蓝圆鲹分离蛋白的功能特性。本研究为鱼蛋白在食品蛋白配料中的应用提供了一定理论参考。     

马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白的功能特性

以碱提酸沉法制备的马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白为原料,分别考察了pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白功能特性（溶解性、持水能力、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性）的影响。结果表明,pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白的功能特性产生不同程度的影响。在等电点（pH 4.0）时,马铃薯蛋白表现出最低的溶解性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性及起泡性,而泡沫稳定性最好。在较低NaCl浓度（＜0.2 mol/L）时,蛋白溶解性、持水能力、乳化性和乳化稳定性随NaCl浓度的增加而提高,而高浓度的NaCl（＞0.2 mol/L）对上述性质具有抑制作用;蛋白的起泡性和泡沫稳定性在NaCl浓度为0.4 mol/L时具有最大值。在4～80 ℃范围内,蛋白质的各项功能性质随温度的升高均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且溶解性、持水性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性在40 ℃时最佳,乳化性在60 ℃最佳。     

海鲜菇蛋白质功能特性及消化性的研究

以海鲜菇粉为原料,采用纤维素酶辅助碱提酸沉法提取出蛋白质,对其功能特性及消化性进行研究。结果表明,随着离子强度的增加,海鲜菇蛋白质的溶解性(Solubility)、持水性(Water holding)、乳化性(Emulsifying)及乳化稳定性(Emulsion stability)、起泡性(Foaming)及泡沫稳定性(Foaming stability)均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;随着蔗糖浓度的提高,溶解性逐渐降低,持水性、乳化性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,乳化稳定性呈现先降低后升高的趋势;随着温度的提高,溶解性、持水性、持油性(Oil holding)、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;随着pH的升高,溶解性、起泡性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,在等电点附近达到最小值,泡沫稳定性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在等电点附近达到最大值。海鲜菇蛋白质溶液经过模拟胃消化后,其消化率为35.5%,水解度17.13%,游离氨基酸含量0.42 mg/mL,多肽含量1.16 mg/mL,胃消化液还原力0.55,DPPH·、O2-·和·OH的清除率分别为66.14%、67.36%和69.44%;模拟肠消化后,其消化率为87.65%,水解度20.88%,游离氨基酸含量0.93 mg/mL,多肽含量0.83 mg/mL,肠消化液的还原力0.23,DPPH·、O2-·和·OH的清除率分别为35.02%、27.17%和37.75%。通过试验证明了离子强度、温度、时间和蔗糖浓度对海鲜菇蛋白质的功能特性有一定影响;该蛋白质在胃肠中消化率较高,是一种易消化优质蛋白质。     

Emulsifying Capacity and Emulsion Stability of Soy Proteins Compared with Corn Germ Protein Flour

Both emulsifying capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES) increased with increasing concentrations from 0.4% to 0.8% of soy flour (SF), soy concentrate (SC), soy isolate (SI) and corn germ protein flour (CGPF) when studied by response surface methodology. EC and ES increased as pH increased from 6 to 8 in all samples. Increasing incubation temperatures of protein solutions from 20–70°C or from 4–20°C did not affect EC or ES, respectively. SF had the highest EC, followd by SI, SC, and CGPF.     

Preparation and Functional Properties of Enzymatically Deamidated Soy Proteins

Heat-denatured soy protein was hydrolyzed by Alcalase to 2.0% or 4.0% degree of hydrolysis (DH), heated again at 100°C and deamidated with B. circulans peptidoglutaminase. The extent of deamidation was 6.0% and 8.2% for 2.0 DH hydrolysates and 12.8% and 16.0% for 4.0 DH hydrolysates heated for 15 and 30 min, respectively. Deamidation increased protein solubility and substantially enhanced emulsifying activity under mildly acidic (pH 4–6) as well as alkaline conditions. Deamidation improved emulsion stability and foaming power of heat-denatured hydrolysed soy proteins. Enzymatically deamidated soy protein hydrolysates had improved functional properties compared to nondeamidated hydrolysates and the native soy protein.     

碱性蛋白酶限制性水解对高温菜籽粕蛋白功能性质的影响

为改善高温菜籽粕蛋白质的功能性质,用碱性蛋白酶对其进行限制性水解,并研究不同水解度(DH)高温菜籽粕蛋白功能性质及相对分子质量分布。结果表明：碱性蛋白酶限制性水解高温菜籽粕蛋白的溶解度、乳化性和吸油性均有所改善,其中溶解度随水解度增加而增加,pH7.0 时DH为10% 的高温菜籽粕蛋白的溶解度达63.82%,是原蛋白溶解度的2.1 倍;DH 为2.0% 的水解蛋白乳化性最好,pH6.0 和pH8.0 时乳化指数分别为0.43 和0.49,比原蛋白乳化指数分别高0.13 和0.11;DH 为8% 的水解蛋白吸油性最好,为4.39g/g。水解后高温菜籽粕蛋白的某些功能性质与其相对分子质量分布有一定的关系,需控制高温菜籽粕蛋白水解度以获得某种良好的功能性质。     

Functional properties of gelation-like protein hydrolysates from scallop (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Patinopecten yessoensis</Emphasis>) male gonad

Gelation-like protein hydrolysates from scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) male gonad (SMG) were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using neutrase. Functional properties of SMG hydrolysates (SMGHs) with different degree of hydrolysis (DH: 4.94, 6.84, 7.53 and 11.86%, respectively) were evaluated with the objective to investigate the relations between hydrolysis characteristics and functionalities. The results showed that hydrolysis with neutrase improved the gelation property, solubility, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and surface hydrophobicity (SH), but not foaming capacity (FC) of SMG. The SMGHs at high DH (11.86%) showed better gelation property and solubility than that at low DH (4.94–7.53%). However, the maximum values of WHC, OHC, and SH of SMGHs were found at DH of 4.94%, significantly higher than (p < 0.05) or equivalent to (p > 0.05) that of soy protein isolate (SPI) for WHC and OHC. Emulsifying capacity of SMGHs is independent of DH, but restricted by pH environment. The emulsifying activity index of all SMGHs was significantly higher than that of SPI in pH 5 (p < 0.05) and slightly higher than or equivalent to that of SPI in pH 7. Meanwhile, SMG and SMGHs were abundant in glycine, lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, containing all the essential amino acids (41.63–42.90% of the total amino acids). These results imply that SMGHs might be utilized as multifunctional and nutritive ingredients in food industry.     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Endo-protease treatments achieving low degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2% and 4%) were used to improve functional properties of hexane-extracted soy flour (HESF), extruded-expelled partially defatted soy flour (EESF), ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI). These substrates had protein dispersibility indices ranging from 11% to 89%. Functional properties, including solubility profile (pH 3 to 7), emul-sification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and apparent viscosity were determined and related to surface hydrophobicity and peptide profiles of the hydrolysates. Protein solubilities of all substrates increased as DH increased. Emulsification capacity and hydrophobicity values of the enzyme-modified HESF and EESF decreased after hydrolysis, whereas these values increased for SPC and SPI. Emulsion stability was improved for all 4% DH hydrolysates. Hydrolyzed SPC had lower foaming capacity and stability. For substrates other than SPC, foaming properties were different depending on DH. Hydrolysis significantly decreased the apparent viscosities regardless of substrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated differences in the molecular weight profiles of the hydrolysates. HESF and EESF, which had high proportions of native-state proteins, showed minor changes in the peptide profile due to hydrolysis compared with SPC and SPI.     

大豆蛋白酶水解产物的水解度对小麦粉及面条品质的影响

探讨了不同水解度的大豆蛋白酶水解产物对小麦粉及面条品质的影响,结果表明,添加不同水解度的酶水解产物后,小麦粉糊化特性的峰值黏度、最终黏度和最低黏度均比原小麦粉明显降低;除水解度为4.19%的水解产物外,添加其他水解度的酶水解产物的面团稳定时间均有所降低,弱化度增大;与原面粉面条相比,添加大豆蛋白酶水解产物后,面条的粘附性明显降低;添加不同酶水解产物的面条质构特性无显著性差异,添加水解度4.19%和7.45%酶水解产物的面条的拉伸特性与原小麦粉面条无显著性差异;当水解度超过5.34%后,面条的干物质损失率和蛋白质损失率明显增大。综合评价小麦粉和面条的品质指标,作为面条用粉时,添加的大豆蛋白酶水解产物的水解度4.19%为宜。     

金属离子及pH值对菜籽蛋白溶解性及持水性的影响

研究在不同ｐＨ值下，金属离子对菜籽蛋白的溶解性和持水性的影响，结果表明，对相同离子，菜籽蛋白的溶解生和持水性在等电点之前，随着ｐＨ值的增大而降低，在等电点之后，随着ｐＨ值的升高而增大；在等电点处，其溶解性和持水性最低。     

Influence of degree of hydrolysis on functional properties,antioxidant activity and ACE inhibitory activity of peanut protein hydrolysate

Functional properties, antioxidant and Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of peanut protein isolate (PPI) and peanut protein hydrolysate (PPH) prepared using Alcalase, at different (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) degrees of hydrolysis, (DH) were investigated. Hydrolysis (at DH > 10%) significantly (p < 0.05) improved the solubility (>80%) of PPI, especially in the pH range of 4–6. However, PPI showed better emulsifying and foaming properties than PPH (p < 0.05). As DH increased, ferrous ion chelating activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and ACE inhibitory activity of PPH increased, while reducing power decreased (p < 0.05). Bleaching of beta-carotene by linoleic acid was suppressed better by PPI and PPH at 10% DH than of PPH at higher DH. Thus, the results reveal that DH affects functional properties, antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities of peanut protein.     

胞壁蛋白酶（CEP）酶解对酪蛋白结构及功能特性的影响

通过纳米粒度分析、傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）、乳化性、乳化稳定性、蛋白溶解性、抗氧化性及ACE抑制率的测定,分析探讨酪蛋白及其不同水解度（DH 2.4%、4.5%、7.1%、8.3%）的嗜酸乳杆菌胞壁蛋白酶（CEP）酶解产物的结构及功能特性。FTIR分析表明CEP酶解改变了酪蛋白各种构象所占的比例,酪蛋白二级结构发生了不同程度的变化;纳米粒度分析表明酪蛋白颗粒大小随水解的加深先减小后增大,其水解物颗粒在DH 4.5%时最小,乳化稳定性最大;酪蛋白的乳化性随水解的加深先增大后减小,DH 7.1%时增至最大,与其溶解性的变化趋势一致;此外酪蛋白的酶解物具有一定的ACE抑制活性及抗氧化性,且DPPH清除能力在一定范围内随水解度及浓度的增大而增大,当DH为8.3%,浓度为5mg/mL时,DPPH清除能力增大至35.00%。因此CEP酶解可有效改善酪蛋白的结构及功能特性,为乳源性功能多肽的开发提供理论依据。     

Characterisation of oat bran products with and without supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Morphology, starch structures and thermal and pasting properties of oat bran concentrate (OBC) and Nutrim‐OB (NOB), a jet‐cooked oat bran product, with or without supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCD) were studied. Oil composition was analysed. OBC had three thermal transitions, starch gelatinisation and two amylose–lipid complex transitions. NOB only had amorphous amylose–lipid transition. SCD significantly decreased gelatinisation temperatures of OBC. Pasting properties, showed NOB had significantly higher peak viscosity and breakdown, with significantly lower final viscosity, setback and pasting temperature compared with OBC. SCD increased peak viscosity for NOB and final viscosity for OBC. Thermogravimetric analysis showed NOB had higher water‐holding capacity (WHC) than OBC, while SCD decreased WHC. Amylopectin molecular weight was 3.4 × 10⁸ for OBC and was significantly lower for NOB (1.4 × 10⁸). Predominant fatty acids were oleic (41%), linoleic (38%) and palmitic (16%). Study showed NOB had different properties from OBC thereby expanding industrial applications.     

Preparation of hypocholesterol peptides from soy protein and their hypocholesterolemic effect in mice

The yield and in vitro hypocholesterolemic activity of low-molecular weight soy protein hydrolysates were studied. The yield and cholesterol micellar solubility inhibitory rate (CMSIR) were higher for soy protein Alcalase hydrolysates (SAPH) than soy protein AS1398 hydrolysates (SNPH). The highest CMSIR of 48.6% was found with SAPH with a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 18%. Optimal parameters for desalting SAPH with macroporous adsorption resin DA201-C were decided to be pH 4.5, SAPH dispersion to resin ration 75:100, and a loading rate 1 BV/h, at which the adsorption rate of the peptide was 89.7%. Only a 4% decrease in CMSIR was found with SPAH (DH 18%) after gastrointestinal protease digestion. In a mice feeding study for 30 d, the serum level of LDL-C + VLDL-C in the SAPH diet group with 0.5 and 2.5 g/kg BW SAPH decreased by 34% and 45% respectively compared to the mice fed only the hypercholesterolemia diet.     

Egg yolk protein modification by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis for improved functionalities

Delipidated egg yolk protein (EYP) is produced as a co-product of egg yolk lecithin extraction. This EYP is expected to have poor functionality because of protein denaturation caused by ethanol treatment during lecithin extraction. Two food grade endo-proteases were used to produce EYP hydrolysates (EYPh) with two degrees of hydrolysis (DH), 3% and 6%. Protein solubility was improved as DH increased. Solubility profiles for both EYP and EYPh were relatively less pH-dependent compared with soy protein. Except for foaming capacity, EYPh showed improvement in foam stability, foaming speed, and foam density. Emulsion stability was improved for all EYPhs. Treatments at DH of 6% showed significant increase in emulsification capacity. We have shown quantitatively how controlled enzymatic hydrolysis can be applied to ethanol-treated lipid-free EYP to increase protein solubility, and thus to improve foaming and emulsification properties.