舟山海域扁玉螺和玉螺食用价值评估

为评估舟山海域扁玉螺和玉螺的营养水平,确定其食用价值和养殖开发前景,采用常规营养指标测定方法对两种玉螺软体部分营养成分进行测定,分析比较一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物元素等组成,并对其营养成分进行评价。结果表明：扁玉螺和玉螺具有高蛋白低脂肪的特征,扁玉螺蛋白质总含量(以湿质量计)为19.34%,玉螺为15.55%,二者包括常见的18种氨基酸,其中8种人体必需氨基酸齐全,分别占氨基酸总含量的33.93%(扁玉螺)和36.19%(玉螺),两种玉螺中的4种鲜味氨基酸含量丰富,占氨基酸总量将近40%,扁玉螺的氨基酸比值系数分为51.59,玉螺为45.41;两种玉螺软体部分脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主(含量均超过60%),其中二十碳五烯酸+二十二碳六稀酸(EPA+DHA)接近20%;两种玉螺软体部分K含量最高,其次为Mg;微量元素中Fe含量最高,其次为Zn,扁玉螺和玉螺的Zn与Cu质量比分别为3.39和5.05,Zn与Fe质量比分别为0.33和0.80,说明两种玉螺的Cu、Fe、Zn的比值较为合理。扁玉螺和玉螺均是营养价值较高的海水经济贝类,具有很高的食用价值及广阔的养殖前景和市场开发潜力。     

常见杂粮豆矿物元素含量分析及营养价值评定

通过对5种杂粮和4种杂豆进行分析,利用原子吸收光谱法对这9类杂粮杂豆共27种样品中的Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu和Zn元素进行测定,找出数据之间数量差距以及对不同产地之间的含量差距进行比对。经试验分析,在杂粮中,燕麦的Ca元素含量最高;小米的Mg元素含量最高;高粱的Fe元素含量最高;荞麦的Cu和Zn元素含量最高;在杂豆中,黑豆的Ca,Mg,Cu和Zn含量最高,绿豆的Fe元素含量最高,且不同产地杂粮杂豆的矿物元素含量在统计学上有显著差异(P0.05)。根据各样品矿物元素含量,结合《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量Chinese DRIs》,对杂粮杂豆矿物质营养价值进行评分:燕麦是评分最高的杂粮,玉米评分最低;赤小豆和黑豆是评分最高的杂豆,绿豆评分最低。     

原子吸收法测定马齿苋中八种矿物元素

研究了硝酸、高氯酸混合酸湿法消解马齿苋样品，用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定马齿苋中K，Ca，Mg，Fe，Zn，Cu，Mn，Pb八种元素的含量，对样品前处理方法，酸度，共存元素干扰，元素线性范围进行了实验。该方法的相对标准偏差为0.34％～3.78％（n=5），加标回收率为95．5％～101．9％，符合分析测试要求，采用FAAS法与ICP-AES法比较测定．其结果基本吻合，验证了方法准确可靠。为测定马齿苋中矿物元素含量提供了一种可行方法，为研究马齿苋的营养价值和药用价值提供了科学依据。     

不同粒色小麦籽粒中铁锌铜锰含量及其与种皮色素的相关分析

随着生活水平的提高,人们越来越重视小麦的营养价值,小麦籽粒中有益矿质元素含量已成为研究小麦营养品质的热点问题.以小麦黑76(黑种皮)和VICTO(白种皮)两个品种(系)及其杂交产生的9个不同粒色的姊妹系为材料,研究了太原和泰安两地小麦籽粒中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn含量及其与种皮色素含量的相关性.结果表明:小麦籽粒中4种元素的含量都受到遗传和环境条件的共同调控;杂交后代姊妹系间4种元素含量的差异性都达到了显著水平,存在基因型的差异;而在不同地利条件下,除Fe含量的差异性达到显著水平以外,其他3种元素差异都不显著;2个亲本及其9个姊妹系间白色籽粒和黑色籽粒种皮的色素含量存在显著差异.相关分析结果表明,种皮色素含量与籽粒中Mn含量达到显著水平,而与Fe、Zn、Cu这三种主要有益矿质元素含量均未达到显著水平,因此,粒色不能成为判断小麦籽粒是否富含Fe、Zn、Cu等主要有益矿质元素的指标;此外,Fe与Cu含量达到显著水平,其他各元素间相关性均不显著.     

刺松藻化学成分测定及其营养评价

对刺松藻的常规营养成分、不溶性膳食纤维、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿质元素进行了分析测定。结果显示：刺松藻的主要成分是碳水化合物，占66．86％，其中不溶性膳食纤维占43.04％；蛋白质含量较高，占21．67％，必需氨基酸占总氨基酸百分比为42．2％，限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸和胱氨酸，氨基酸评分86；脂肪含量低，占3．47％，其中不饱和脂肪酸占47．46％；矿物元素含量丰富，尤其是微量元素Cu，Fe，Zn含量高。结论：长刺松藻是一种高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪、低热量，且富含铁、锌等微量矿质元素的天然理想保健食品原料。     

24种荞麦中矿物元素含量的比较分析

荞麦是我国的一种杂粮作物,不同品种荞麦种子中矿物元素含量的差异还未见报道。采用微波辅助消解处理荞麦种子样品,以火焰原子吸收法测定了24种荞麦样品中矿物元素Zn、Ca、Se、Fe、Na、Mg、Cu、Pb的含量。结果表明,荞麦种子中,Ca元素质量比最高,平均约为18.7 mg.g-1;其次为Fe、Mg、Na、Se的质量比,平均值为6 mg.g-1;Zn的质量比较少,约为2.4 mg.g-1;重金属元素Pb、Cu含量很小。通过研究,旨在为开发荞麦保健食品和荞麦的深加工研究提供理论依据。     

温室和非温室大棚番茄微量元素的对比

采用干法灰化处理样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法连续测定了番茄中8种微量元素Mn、Bi、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Fe的含量.本方法的贴D值在0.66%～1.48%之间,回收率为97.6%～112.1%.测试结果表明:番茄中Fe、Zn、Cu元素的含量较高;露天种植番茄Fe、Zn、Cu元素的含量高于温室大棚种植的番茄;对鲜果进行测定时,捣碎后建议不用纱布过滤.     

红枣中氨基酸和矿质元素含量的测定

采用高效液相色谱法对若羌红枣、哈密红枣和河南新郑中氨基酸进行分析,测定出了红枣中18种氨基酸的含量;用原子吸收方法对这三种红枣中所含的矿质元素Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe、Ni、Co、K、Na、Mg的含量进行测定.通过对实验数据进行方差分析,结果发现这三种红枣在氨基酸含量和微量元素、常量元素之间差异性不显著.     

尖紫蛤全脏器营养成分分析与评价

对尖紫蛤全脏器的常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量进行分析与评价结果表明:尖紫蛤全脏器中粗蛋白含量为68.6％(以干基计),总糖为11.2％,蛋白质组成氨基酸总量为55.82％,含有8种人体必需氨基酸,占总氨基酸含量的38.7％;Gly、Glu和Asp等呈味氨基酸含量丰富,占氨基酸总量的49.1％;第一限制氨基酸为缬氨酸,氨基酸价为57.脂肪酸组成中SFA∶ MUFA∶PUFA=1.3∶1∶1.7;Fe含量高达167mg/kg,限量元素中除铅外均在允许范围内.因此,尖紫蛤全脏器是具有较高营养价值的海洋食品原料.     

灰化温度对测定植物样微量元素含量的影响

本文报道了用瓷坩埚高温灰化包菜、槲叶样品，灰化温度对测定微量Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn含量的影响。结果表明测定植物样微量Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn含量时，可以用瓷坩埚进行高温灰化，适宜灰化温度分别为450～550、450～550、450～600、450～500℃；同时测定该四种元素含量时，适宜灰化温度为450～500℃。且500℃灰化时，元素的平均回收率为96％～108％。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.