T4 DNA聚合酶在大肠杆菌中高效表达、纯化及部分生物学活性分析

T4 DNA聚合酶（T4 DNA polymerase,T4 DP）是基因工程等相关领域中不可缺少的工具酶。为获得大量高纯度并具有生物活性的可溶性T4 DP,通过从T4噬菌体基因组中克隆出T4 dp基因,将其克隆到pET-22b（＋）质粒中构建重组表达载体pET-22b（＋）-T4 dp,经DNA测序检测成功后,转化到大肠杆菌Transetta（DE3）中进行自诱导表达,通过磁珠法高效准确检测T4?DP的可溶性表达情况,并对自诱导的温度和时间进行优化,确定最佳诱导条件为30?℃诱导培养10?h,分别利用超声波法、超声波-溶菌酶法及化学裂解法对自诱导表达的重组菌体进行破碎,确定最佳破碎方法为化学裂解法,分别利用Ni SepharoseTM 6 Fast Flow亲和层析柱和MagNi磁珠纯化重组菌体裂解后上清液中的T4 DP,MagNi磁珠能高效地纯化出高纯度的T4 DP,其质量浓度为3 073.960 μg/mL,成功获得了高纯度高质量浓度的可溶性T4 DP,并使其成功应用于克隆载体的构建,证明其具有较好的末端平滑化活性。     

Improved gap repair cloning in yeast: treatment of the gapped vector with Taq DNA polymerase avoids vector self‐ligation

Gap repair is a fast and efficient method for assembling recombinant DNA molecules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method produces a circular DNA molecule by homologous recombination between two or more linear DNA fragments, one of which is typically a vector carrying replicative sequences and a selective marker. This technique avoids laborious and costly in vitro purification and ligation of DNA. The DNA repair machinery can also close and ligate the linear vector by mechanisms other than homologous recombination, resulting in an empty vector. The frequency of these unwanted events can be lowered by removing the 5′‐phosphate groups using phosphatase, which is the standard method used for in vitro ligation. However, phosphatase treatment is less effective for gap repair cloning than for in vitro ligation, presumably due to the ability of the S. cerevisiae DNA repair machinery to efficiently repair the missing phosphate group to allow religation. We have developed a more efficient method to prevent vector religation, based on treatment of the vector fragment with Taq DNA polymerase and dATP. This procedure prevents vector recircularization almost completely, facilitating the screening for true recombinant clones. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved gap‐repair cloning method that uses oligonucleotides to target cognate sequences

In vivo or gap‐repair cloning in yeast has been widely recognized as one of the most efficient means for error‐free construction of plasmids. A protocol is described here that allows easy and efficient gap‐repair cloning that is based on two major modifications. Instead of subcloning, the targeting plasmids are constructed using oligonucleotides from sequences derived from the upstream and downstream sequences of the fragment to be cloned. These sequences are selected so that they can lead to the generation of recognition sites for restriction enzymes that produce blunt ends. Accordingly, this procedure can be applied to any DNA fragment, regardless of whether these include unique restriction sites to generate the targeting ends. With the strategy described, ～50 bp upstream and downstream targeting ends are generated that allow efficient cloning. Further, to allow easy identification of the positive clones, the annealed oligonucleotides are cloned in frame with the lacZ fragment present in the plasmid. Accordingly, these plasmids produce blue Escherichia coli colonies on media containing X‐Gal. On the other hand, plasmids rescued from yeast that have acquired the respective cognate sequences produce white colonies. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, this report includes the cloning of fragments harbouring the CDC28, CAK1, CIN5 and CLB2 genes. We found that 30–100% of the analysed plasmids carried the expected inserts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

嗜热链球菌胸苷酸合成酶基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究以嗜热链球菌(S．thermophilus)染色体DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增出胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylate synthase,thyA)基因,将其克隆入T载体中,转化DH5α,筛选阳性克隆,提取质粒,进行酶切鉴定,PCR扩增鉴定,进行测序,与已知序列进行同源性比较,结果表明成功克隆了thyA基因,全长900bp,与国外报道的S．thermophilus ATCC19258 thyA基因同源性达99．9%。这为构建以thyA基因为选择压力的非抗生素抗性载体提供了理论依据。     

棘孢木霉木聚糖酶Ⅱ结构基因和上游调控区的克隆及分析

作者克隆及分析了棘孢木霉木聚糖酶Ⅱ结构基因和上游调控区,并获得了内源启动子.根据木霉属木聚糖酶Ⅱ结构基因及上游调控区的保守性,以棘孢木霉基因组DNA为模板,进行简并PCR扩增,产物纯化并克隆至T载体,经酶切鉴定后进行序列分析.扩增获得片段长1875 bp,由795 bp的木聚糖酶Ⅱ结构基因和1 080 bp的上游调控区...     

枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilisML中性蛋白酶基因的克隆及鉴定

以蛋白酶高产菌株Ｂ．ｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ ＭＬ为供体菌，提取其染色体ＤＮＡ，经限制性内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ完全酶切后，插入枯草杆菌载体ｐＮＱ１２２的相同酶切位点，连接后转化中性碱性蛋白酶基因双缺陷型菌株Ｂ．ｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓＤＢ１０４。从含有氯霉素的酪蛋白平板上获得了２０个具有蛋白酶活性的克隆。     

A suite of Gateway cloning vectors for high-throughput genetic analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In the post-genomic era, academic and biotechnological research is increasingly shifting its attention from single proteins to the analysis of complex protein networks. This change in experimental design requires the use of simple and experimentally tractable organisms, such as the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a range of new high-throughput techniques. The Gateway system has emerged as a powerful high-throughput cloning method that allows for the in vitro recombination of DNA with high speed, accuracy and reliability. Two Gateway-based libraries of overexpression plasmids containing the entire complement of yeast open reading frames (ORFs) have recently been completed. In order to make use of these powerful resources, we adapted the widely used pRS series of yeast shuttle vectors for use in Gateway-based cloning. The resulting suite of 288 yeast Gateway vectors is based upon the two commonly used GPD and GAL1 promoter expression systems that enable expression of ORFs, either constitutively or under galactose-inducible conditions. In addition, proteins of interest can be fused to a choice of frequently used N- or C-terminal tags, such as EGFP, ECFP, EYFP, Cerulean, monomeric DsRed, HA or TAP. We have made this yeast Gateway vector kit available to the research community via the non-profit Addgene Plasmid Repository (http://www.addgene.org/yeast_gateway).     

Integrating after CEN Excision (ICE) Plasmids: Combining the ease of yeast recombination cloning with the stability of genomic integration

Yeast recombination cloning is a straightforward and powerful method for recombining a plasmid backbone with a specific DNA fragment. However, the utility of yeast recombination cloning is limited by the requirement for the backbone to contain an CEN/ARS element, which allows for the recombined plasmids to propagate. Although yeast CEN/ARS plasmids are often suitable for further studies, we demonstrate here that they can vary considerably in copy number from cell to cell and from colony to colony. Variation in plasmid copy number can pose an unacceptable and often unacknowledged source of phenotypic variation. If expression levels are critical to experimentation, then constructs generated with yeast recombination cloning must be subcloned into integrating plasmids, a step that often abrogates the utility of recombination cloning. Accordingly, we have designed a vector that can be used for yeast recombination cloning but can be converted into the integrating version of the resulting vector without an additional subcloning. We call these “ICE” vectors, for “Integrating after CEN Excision.” The ICE series was created by introducing a “rare-cutter” NotI-flanked CEN/ARS element into the multiple cloning sites of the pRS series yeast integration plasmids. Upon recovery from yeast, the CEN/ARS is excised by NotI digest and subsequently religated without need for purification or transfer to new conditions. Excision by this approach takes ~3 hr, allowing this refinement in the same time frame as standard recombination cloning.     

Thermotoga neapolitana α-葡萄糖苷酶基因克隆及表达

本文拟克隆新阿波罗栖热袍菌(Thermotoga neapolitana DSM 4359)的一种α-葡萄糖苷酶基因(TNAG),其GenBank注册号为lcl27401。首先以T.neapolitana DSM 4359基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增目的基因并完成T克隆,在NCBI数据库中比对结果表明:目的基因与Thermotoqa sp.RQ2等氨基酸序列相似度高于99%。再将目的基因连接至表达载体pET-32a(+),并导入大肠杆菌Rosetta中用IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE显示表达蛋白的大小约为72KDa。热纯化后酶液测活反应的最适温度为80℃,最适pH在5.0左右。     

重组人活性蛋白C的基因克隆、表达载体构建以及在哺乳动物细胞中的高效表达

目的研究重组人活性蛋白C的基因克隆、表达载体构建以及在哺乳动物细胞中的表达。方法用RT-PCR法从人胎肝中克隆出人蛋白C轻重链基因,用PCR突变法获得人活性蛋白C的全基因,将所得全基因连接入哺乳动物细胞表达载体,并转染293细胞研究其表达和活性。结果成功得到重组人活性蛋白C基因,并成功构建哺乳动物细胞表达载体和转染293细胞获高效表达以及相关活性数据。结论通过以上方法可以获得重组人活性蛋白C基因,并实现了在哺乳动物细胞中的高效表达。     

大豆过氧化物酶基因的克隆及其表达载体的构建

大豆过氧化物酶(soybean peroxidase,sbp)基因的克隆及其表达载体的构建将有利于人们更深入的从分子生物学角度研究sbp 基因的结构与功能。首先从大豆根中获取总RNA,通过RT-PCR 获得sbp 基因。再将sbp 基因与表达载体pPICZα-A 双酶切后连接,构建重组表达载体pPICZα-A-sbp。将pPICZα-A-sbp 转化大肠杆菌筛选阳性克隆体并测序。结果表明：获得的sbp 基因序列与已报道的sbp[U51191(GmEpa1)]基因序列有92% 的同源性。重组表达载体pPICZα-A-sbp 的成功构建为其在毕赤酵母中表达奠定了基础。     

A shuttle vector series for precise genetic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Shuttle vectors allow for an efficient transfer of recombinant DNA into yeast cells and are widely used in fundamental research and biotechnology. While available shuttle vectors are applicable in many experimental settings, their use in quantitative biology is hampered by insufficient copy number control. Moreover, they often have practical constraints, such as limited modularity and few unique restriction sites. We constructed the pRG shuttle vector series, consisting of single‐ and multi‐copy integrative, centromeric and episomal plasmids with marker genes for the selection in all commonly used auxotrophic yeast strains. The vectors feature a modular design and a large number of unique restriction sites, enabling an efficient exchange of every vector part and expansion of the series. Integration into the host genome is achieved using a double‐crossover recombination mechanism, resulting in stable single‐ and multi‐copy modifications. As centromeric and episomal plasmids give rise to a heterogeneous cell population, an analysis of their copy number distribution and loss behaviour was performed. Overall, the shuttle vector series supports the efficient cloning of genes and their maintenance in yeast cells with improved copy number control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Yeast/E. coli shuttle vectors with multiple unique restriction sites

Two yeast/E. coli shuttle vectors have been constructed. The two vectors, YEp351 and YEp352, have the following properties: (1) they can replicate autonomously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in E. coli; (2) they contain the beta-lactamase gene and confer ampicillin resistance to E. coli; (3) they contain the entire sequence of pUC18; (4) all ten restriction sites of the multiple cloning region of pUC18 including EcoRI, SacI, KpnI, SmaI, BamHI, XbaI, SalI, PstI, SphI and HindIII are unique in YEp352; these sites are also unique in YEp351 except for EcoRI and KpnI, which occur twice; (5) recombinant plasmids with DNA inserts in the multiple cloning region of YEp351 and YEp352 can be recognised by loss of beta-galactosidase function in appropriate E. coli hosts; (6) YEp351 and YEp352 contain the yeast LEU2 and URA3 genes, respectively, allowing for selection of these auxotrophic markers in yeast and E. coli; (7) both plasmids are retained with high frequency in yeast grown under non-selective conditions indicative of high plasmid copy number. The above properties make the shuttle vectors suitable for construction of yeast genomic libraries and for cloning of DNA fragments defined by a large number of different restriction sites. The two vectors have been further modified by deletion of the sequences necessary for autonomous replication in yeast. The derivative plasmids YIp351 and YIp352 can therefore be used to integrate specific sequences into yeast chromosomal DNA.     

融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL可溶性表达、纯化与其生物活性应用

构建含SUMO、IF2、GST、NusA、MsyB、Trx和MBP融合标签的重组表达载体,转化到大肠杆菌E.coli Transetta (DE3)中进行自诱导(auto-induction,AI)表达,以提高T4 DNA连接酶(T4 DL)的表达产量。通过磁珠法检测融合蛋白的可溶性表达情况,10% SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,重组菌Transetta (DE3)(pNBEVⅡ-T4 DL)诱导表达的可溶性融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL的产量最多,经诱导培养条件优化后,Trx-T4 DL的可溶性大幅度提高,确定了最佳诱导条件为30℃、装瓶量50 mL/250 mL、接种量2‰、pH7。分别用镍柱和MagNi磁珠纯化重组菌破碎后上清中的融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL,结果显示后者纯化效率更高,最终获得的融合蛋白浓度为1700.462 mg/L。与其他公司T4 DL活性进行比较,检测其酶活性约为500 U/μL,并使其成功应用于低背景重组克隆载体构建中,为融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL的生产及应用提供理论基础。     

宇佐美曲霉中β-甘露聚糖酶基因调控序列的克隆

建立了一种利用限制性内切酶酶切、pUCm-T载体连接和巢式PCR技术,基于部分已知DNA序列测定其两侧翼未知DNA序列的新方法,命名为T载体介导的PCR技术,并将此技术应用于宇佐美曲霉(Aspergillus usamii)E001的β-甘露聚糖酶基因(Aus man5A)5′和3′端调控序列的克隆。结果表明:该PCR技术具有操作简便、引物特异性强、结果验证简捷、操作限制少等特点;借助于T载体介导的PCR技术、分子克隆和序列测定等手段,成功地测定了Ausman5A两侧翼的调控序列。     

瘤胃中干酪乳杆菌的亚油酸异构酶基因的克隆与表达

以从黄牛瘤胃中分离到的一株具有将亚油酸转化为c9,t11-共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)的干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)Fx为出发菌株,提取其基因组DNA,聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增得到1 700 bp大小的亚油酸异构酶(linoleic acid isomerase,LAI)基因片段,将该基因片段纯化后进行TA克隆,得到重组质粒p UCm-T-LAI,将重组质粒p UCm-T-LAI和表达质粒p ET-Dsb A同时进行双酶切,连接得到重组表达载体p ET-Dsb A-LAI,经PCR鉴定和酶切后,将重组表达载体转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,得到具有LAI活性的重组菌株,能将亚油酸转化为c9,t11-CLA,表明从Lactobacillus casei Fx成功克隆LAI,该研究将有助于深入了解不同瘤胃细菌特异性合成不同CLA异构体的LAI基因差异。     

Construction of Candida albicans Tet-on tagging vectors with a Ura-blaster cassette

It has been difficult to develop molecular tools for studying the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because this species uses a non-standard genetic code and is diploid without a complete sexual cycle. Vector systems with regulatable promoters to produce conditional mutants, epitope tags for protein detection and recyclable selection markers are useful for functional study of genes. However, most currently available vectors contain only a subset of desired properties, which limits their application. To combine several useful properties in one vector, the vector pTET25 was initially modified into pTET25M, so that the URA3 gene flanked by dpl200 could be used repetitively. To enable more choices for cloning, a multiple cloning site was introduced at both ends of GFP in pTET25M. GFP expression was induced by doxycycline in a dose- and time-dependent manner when the plasmid was introduced into C. albicans with or without URA3. The applicability of the vectors was verified by constructing strains capable of expressing either the N-terminal GFP fusion of Cdc10 or the C-terminal GFP fusion of Cdc11. Additionally, by replacing the GFP gene of pTET25M with DNA sequence encoding Cdc10 with an epitope tag of six histidine residues at the C-terminus, doxycycline-induced expression of CDC10 was achieved when the expression vector was introduced into C. albicans. This new system allows for inducible expression of a desired C. albicans gene with the advantage of convenience of cloning. It also allows the presence of a recyclable URA3 marker and the detectable expression of fusion or epitope-tagged protein.     

Applications of the Long and Accurate Polymerase Chain Reaction Method in Yeast Molecular Biology: Direct Sequencing of the Amplified DNA and Its Introduction into Yeast

A DNA fragment longer than 10 kb can be amplified by the long and accurate polymerase chain reaction (LA-PCR) method. We demonstrate here applications of this technique in molecular biological studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have shown that DNA fragments amplified by LA-PCR can be directly used as a template in the chain-termination sequencing protocol, making it possible to quickly identify the DNA insert of yeast genomic library clones. We have also shown that the amplified yeast DNA can easily be introduced into yeast by co-transformation with linearized vector DNA. Overlapping DNA between the amplified yeast fragment and the vector must be more than 20 bp long in order to obtain 90% or more correct recombinant plasmids. These results suggest that simple amplification of yeast clones by LA-PCR can replace the previous procedures of yeast clone recovery, consisting of transformation of Escherichia coli, propagation of plasmids in E. coli and preparation of plasmid DNA. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vectors designed for efficient molecular manipulation in Candida albicans

Functional studies on genes of Candida albicans have been hampered by the fact that few vectors are available for efficient cloning and expression in C. albicans, in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we report that six vectors were constructed for molecular manipulation in C. albicans. All of them contained the autonomous replicating sequence ARS2 and the uracil gene as a selective marker. Introduction of multicloning site (MCS) facilitated directional cloning into various convenient restriction sites is discussed. Distal to the MCS, the additions of sequences encoding yeast-enhanced green fluorescent protein 3 (yEGFP3) and the terminator of chitin synthase 2 (TCHS2) enabled us to express an open reading frame (ORF) with its own promoter as a GFP fusion protein, so that its intracellular localization could be easily determined. A vector of 7.4 kb was also constructed to express a cloned ORF as a GFP fusion protein under the control of an inducible MET3 promoter (PMET3) located proximal to the MCS. Since this vector was relatively large in size for expressing ORFs, two additional vectors of 6.7 kb were constructed by inserting PMET3 and TCHS2 proximal and distal to the MCS of the above vector containing MCS only, respectively. These six vectors made it possible to study C. albicans in greater detail. They can be used in identification of a promoter, intracellular localization of a protein, and in the induction of lethal genes.