热烫预处理降低鲜切油炸薯片中丙烯酰胺的工艺优化研究

研究热烫预处理对鲜切油炸薯片中丙烯酰胺的影响和薯片油炸工艺优化。在相同条件下,分别对原料进行热烫和非热烫处理,在不同油炸温度和时间条件下进行油炸试验,采用DNS法测还原糖,液质联用法检测薯片中丙烯酰胺含量。结果表明,通过对切片的马铃薯进行热烫处理,即75℃热烫150s,能明显降低还原糖含量,160℃油炸120s,可降低丙烯酰胺含量至67.18μg/kg。     

减少复合薯片中还原糖和天冬酰胺的工艺研究

通过探讨土豆在浸泡过程中温度、时间、浸泡液、土豆片的厚度及浸泡过程是否搅拌对土豆中还原糖和氨基态氮含量的影响,找到减少复合薯片中还原糖和天冬酰胺的最佳工艺。减少土豆片中还原糖和氨基酸含量的最佳工艺条件是：切片厚度2mm,在80℃的水中不断搅拌25min;在此工艺下,土豆片中还原糖和天冬酰胺分别下降71．02％和56．67％,以此土豆粉为基料制得的复合薯片中丙烯酰胺含量下降了65．63％。     

马铃薯片常压油炸工艺优化研究

对影响常压油炸马铃薯片品质的工艺参数进行了优化研究。结果表明,在柠檬酸溶液浓度为0.10%～0.25%、预干燥时间为10～40min和油炸温度为170～200℃的范围内,以薯片的丙烯酰胺含量、含油量和脆度为指标,常压油炸薯片的最佳工艺条件为:薯片切片采用柠檬酸溶液浓度为0.20%的柠檬酸水溶液浸泡后,于85℃预干燥30min,最后用180℃恒温油炸至熟。     

不同热烫处理对马铃薯片中还原糖浓度的影响研究

以还原糖含量为评价指标,还原糖的含量通过DNS法测得,旨在研究不同热烫处理在降低马铃薯片中还原糖含量方面的作用,从而抑制切片型薯片油炸过程中致癌物质丙烯酰胺的生成。在单因素实验的基础上进行正交实验,考察热烫温度和时间两个因素在降低还原糖含量方面的作用。结果表明,热烫处理的最佳工艺条件为：热烫温度75℃、热烫时间135s。     

低含量丙烯酰胺的油炸马铃薯片加工工艺研究

根据之前所做的单因素实验结果,确定以原料品种、浸泡液的柠檬酸浓度、预干燥时间以及油炸温度四个因素来做四因素四水平正交实验,并对实验结果进行数据分析。根据分析结果确定了生产低丙烯酰胺含量的油炸马铃薯片的最佳加工工艺条件为:以大西洋品种的马铃薯为原料,采用浓度为0.5%的柠檬酸水溶液浸泡,85℃鼓风干燥20min,最后在180℃的油温下恒温油炸至熟。     

加工工艺对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响

本文研究了油炸马铃薯片加工过程中切片预干燥时间、油炸温度和不同浸泡处理对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响,通过薯片炸前炸后色泽变化、亮度、丙烯酰胺含量、水分含量、含油量及感官指标等理化指标进行评估。结果表明,油炸马铃薯片的色泽变化和丙烯酰胺含量随油炸温度升高增大,预干燥时间越长切片炸前水分含量越低,油炸时间越短,但随着预干燥时间的增加油炸薯片色泽变化也越大。油炸马铃薯片的最佳生产工艺为:鲜切马铃薯片先在85℃清水中热烫3.5 min,再用0.3%CaCl2溶液中室温浸泡30 min,浸泡后切片在60℃下热风干燥箱干燥15 min,130℃油炸即可得到色泽变化最小、丙烯酰胺含量低的油炸薯片。     

酸味剂对油炸牛干巴中丙烯酰胺含量及其他指标的影响

研究了柠檬酸、富马酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸4种酸味剂及不同浓度酒石酸溶液浸泡处理对油炸牛干巴中丙烯酰胺含量及其他指标的影响.结果表明,富马酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸均显著降低了牛干巴中丙烯酰胺的含量,其中酒石酸溶液对丙烯酰胺抑制率达到最大,为92.0%;随酒石酸溶液浓度的增加,牛干巴中丙烯酰胺的抑制率下降,酒名酸溶液浓度为0.25 wt%时,丙烯酰胺抑制率最高,达92.5%;牛干巴的水分、还原糖、游离氨基酸、蛋白质含量,也因酸味剂种类的不同及酒石酸溶液浓度的改变而存在显著差异(P<0.05).在油炸牛干巴的生产过程中可以用0.25 wt%浓度的酒石酸溶液浸泡的方法来抑制丙烯酰胺的生成.     

油炸工艺对油炸鸡腿品质和安全性的影响

研究油炸温度-油炸时间-新旧油比例对油炸鸡腿丙烯酰胺含量和品质特性的影响,优化油炸工艺,控制丙烯酰胺生成量,改善产品质量分别测定了在150、160、170℃油炸11、12、13min过程中鸡腿丙烯酰胺生成量和品质的变化.结果显示:使用新油油炸温度为150℃油炸11 min时水分含量最高,脂肪含量最低;油炸用油为新旧油比例1∶1;油炸温度为150℃,油炸12min时油炸鸡腿的外观金黄;使用新油在150℃下油炸11 min时油炸鸡腿鸡皮中丙烯酰胺含量最低;使用新旧混合油油炸温度为150℃油炸12min时油炸鸡腿鸡肉中丙烯酰胺含量最低结合油炸鸡腿的品质和安全指标综合考虑后确定油炸鸡腿的最佳油炸工艺参数为:新旧油比例为1∶0,油炸温度为150℃,油炸时间为11 min.     

减控油炸麻花中丙烯酰胺生成方法

国内外研究表明含淀粉的食物经高温油炸、烘烤会形成丙烯酰胺,国际癌症研究机构认为其具有潜在致 癌性和神经毒性。本研究系统地探究了加工工艺条件、不同食品配料对油炸麻花中丙烯酰胺生成的影响以及减控 方法。结果表明：应尽量降低油炸温度和缩短油炸时间,油炸最佳温度和时间分别为160 ℃和180 s;花生油、玉米 油、大豆油在油炸过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量均低于棕榈油;配方中添加VC、阿魏酸均对丙烯酰胺的生成有较好的 抑制作用,而添加叔丁基对苯二酚时丙烯酰胺的生成量略有增加;非还原糖的抑制效果由大到小分别是β-环糊精、 甘露醇、山梨醇、赤藓糖醇,β-葡聚糖对其作用不明显,蔗糖具有促进作用;半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、甘氨酸 对丙烯酰胺均有较好的抑制作用,当添加量小于0.2%时,甘氨酸的抑制作用最好,当添加量为0.3%～0.5%时,谷 氨酸抑制效果优于其他3 种氨基酸,当添加量为0.5%时,4 种氨基酸对油炸麻花中丙烯酰胺的生成抑制效果最佳。     

不同马铃薯品种对鲜切油炸薯片中丙烯酰胺的影响

研究11个不同马铃薯品种,在相同的油炸条件下进行鲜切油炸薯片实验,采用液相-质谱联用检测其不同品种鲜切油炸薯片的丙烯酰胺含量,结合品种的还原糖含量,对丙烯酰胺含量进行分析。方法：热烫60s,表面干燥,180℃油炸100s,脱油,样品预处理,待测。结果：在相同油炸实验的基础上,检测出丙烯酰胺含量较低的是D519、陇薯3号、中薯7号、LK99等;丙烯酰胺含量较高的是中薯8号、夏波蒂、中薯3号等,并且丙烯酰胺含量与品种的还原糖含量走向基本相似。     

Effect of Raw Potato Composition on Acrylamide Formation in Potato Chips

ABSTRACT: Recent studies have shown that subjecting foods to high temperatures during cooking processes such as frying gives rise to the formation of acrylamide. Several factors including product composition and processing conditions affect the rate of formation of this chemical in starch-rich foods. Low reducing sugar and the amino acid asparagine content is desired when cooking because the formation of acrylamide is attributed to the Maillard reaction that occurs between these food components. The cultivar 'Atlantic' was used to determine the effect of potato components (reducing sugars and asparagine) on acrylamide content during frying in a traditional fryer. A model system was developed by infusing leached potato slices with predetermined amounts of glucose and asparagine. Increasing glucose and asparagine content in the slices increased the acrylamide content in the potato chips. Color could not be used as an indication of acrylamide content because potato chips with similar color had very different acrylamide concentrations.     

Effect of Microwave Frying on Acrylamide Generation,Mass Transfer,Color, and Texture in French Fries

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of microwave power on acrylamide generation, as well as moisture and oil fluxes and quality attributes of microwave-fried potatoes. Concretely, 25 g of potato strips, in 250 mL of fresh oil (at room temperature), were subjected to three different microwave powers (315, 430, and 600 W) in a conventional microwave oven. Microwave frying resulted in an acrylamide reduction ranged from 37 to 83% compared to deep-oil frying. Microwave-fried French fries presented lower moisture and higher fat content than deep-oil fried potatoes. Concretely, microwave-fried potatoes presented values of moisture and texture more similar to potato chips than French fries, nonetheless with lower fat levels (less than 20 g/100 g wb) and acrylamide content (lower than 100 μg/kg wb) at the reference time. This study presents an alternative way of frying to address the production of healthier potato chips.     

Reduction of Acrylamide Formation in Potato Chips by Low-temperature Vacuum Frying

ABSTRACT: Potatoes and other foods that have a high content of the amino acid asparagine and a high accumulation of reducing sugars are subject to the formation of acrylamide upon frying. The objectives of this research were (1) to analyze the level of acrylamide formed during deep-fat frying of potato chips and (2) to evaluate means of reducing acrylamide in potato chips by using different potato cultivars and vacuum frying. Several potato cultivars were used in this research, including Innovator (I), NDTX 4930–5W (N), ATX 854 04–8W (ATw), Atlantic (A), Shepody (S), ATX847806–2Ru (ATr), and White-Rose (W). An electric bench-top (atmospheric conditions)-type fryer was used to fry the potatoes. Three temperatures were used: 150 °C, 165 °C, and 180 °C. The vacuum frying experiments were performed at 118 °C, 125 °C, and 140 °C and a vacuum pressure of 10 Torr. The potatoes were sliced (1.5-mm thick) and fried for different lengths of times. For potatoes fried at 165 °C (for 4 min) at atmospheric conditions, the acrylamide contents were 5021 ± 55 ppb (W), 552 ± 25 ppb (I), 358 ± 50 ppb (N), 397 ± 25 ppb (ATw), 646 ± 55 ppb (A), 466 ± 15 ppb(S), and 537 ± 14 ppb (ATr). Vacuum frying reduced acrylamide formation by 94%. Results showed that both cultivar and modified frying systems can play an important role in reducing acrylamide formation in fried potatoes. As the frying temperature decreased from 180 °C to 165 °C, acrylamide content in potato chips reduced by 51% during traditional frying and by 63% as the temperature decreased from 140 °C to 125 °C in vacuum frying. Increased frying time increased acrylamide formation during traditional frying for all temperatures and frying methods analyzed. However, the effect on acrylamide concentration was greater for the traditional frying than the vacuum frying. Keywords: acrylamide, vacuum, frying, potato, temperature     

How much reducing sugar may potatoes contain to avoid excessive acrylamide formation during roasting and baking?

For many consumers, potatoes fried or roasted in professional or private kitchens are the most important source of exposure to acrylamide. Acrylamide formation can be reduced by appropriate preparation techniques, but suitable potatoes are a prerequisite. The tendency of potato to form acrylamide can be approximated by the content of reducing sugar. Roast potatoes (hash browns, Rösti) and oven-fried potatoes (Bratkartoffeln) were prepared to optimum culinary quality regarding crispiness and then evaluated in terms of browning, roasting flavor and acrylamide content. Preparation procedures were optimized to produce a minimum of acrylamide. It is concluded that potatoes with less than 0.2 g/kg fresh weight fructose and glucose are not suitable for roasting (insufficient browning and flavor), while roasted products of minimum crispiness prepared from potatoes with more than 1 g/kg reducing sugar contain more than 500 µg/kg acrylamide. It is proposed that potatoes which may be used for roasting and frying should contain less than 1 g/kg fresh weight of reducing sugar. This can easily be fulfilled with the most important potato cultivars grown in Switzerland, but presupposes that potatoes are no longer stored at 4 °C.     

Effect of Cooking Method (Baking Compared with Frying) on Acrylamide Level of Potato Chips

ABSTRACT:  The effect of cooking method (baking compared with frying) on acrylamide level of potato chips was investigated in this study. Baking and frying experiments were conducted at 170, 180, and 190 °C using potato slices with a thickness of 1.4 mm. Raw potatoes were analyzed for reducing sugars and asparagine. Surface and internal temperatures of potato slices were monitored during the experiments to better explain the results. Fried and baked chips were analyzed for acrylamide content using an LC-MS method. The results showed that acrylamide level of potato chips prepared by frying increased with frying temperature (19.6 ng/g at 170 °C, 39 ng/g at 180 °C, and 95 ng/g at 190 °C). In baking, however, the highest acrylamide level was observed in potato chips prepared at 170 °C (47.8 ng/g at 170 °C, 19.3 ng/g at 180 °C, and 29.7 ng/g at 190 °C). The results showed that baking at 170 °C more than doubled the acrylamide amount that formed upon frying at the same temperature, whereas at 180 and 190 °C, the acrylamide levels of chips prepared by baking were lower than their fried counterparts.     

Effect of osmotic pretreatment and microwave frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips

BACKGROUND: The presence of acrylamide, a probable carcinogen, is currently a major concern relating to the consumption of fried products. Therefore, recent frying studies have focused on ways of reducing the acrylamide content. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of microwave frying and osmotic treatment prior to frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips. RESULTS: Potatoes fried using 400 W microwave power for 1.0 min had an 87.85% lower acrylamide content than potatoes fried conventionally for 4.5 min (i.e. an 81.82% reduction in frying time) but a comparable moisture content. The acrylamide content of fried potatoes treated osmotically prior to both microwave and conventional frying was found to be lower than that of fried potatoes not pretreated osmotically. However, the reduction in acrylamide content was lower when osmotic treatment was applied before microwave frying. CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, it was concluded that microwave frying can be an alternative to conventional frying. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Relationship between oil uptake and moisture loss during frying of potato slices from c. v. Record U.K. tubers

The variations in moisture content and oil content of samples of 1.5-mm thick slices of potato (c.v. Record U.K.) were examined after various frying times at frying temperatures of 145, 165 and 185°C. The loss of moisture and the uptake of oil were found to be interrelated and both were linear functions of the square root of frying time. Within the temperature range examined, moisture loss and oil uptake were found to be independent of frying temperature. From the data and visual observations the mechanism of moisture loss and its influence on oil content in the final product were discussed. Suggestions are made for means of reducing the total oil content by modifications in the frying process.     

Determination of acrylamide in local and commercial cultivar of potatoes from biological farm

This paper reports the results of a preliminary study on the characterization of parameters influencing formation of acrylamide in fried potatoes, from biological cultivation. The formation of acrylamide was investigated in relation to frying in biological extra virgin olive oil and commercial seed oil. Three different cultivars (Rossa di Colfiorito, Quarantina bianca genovese and Kennebec) were chosen. Asparagine, glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations were determined in potato slice before frying, while acrylamide content was analysed by LC–ESI-MS/MS in the slices fried in seed and extra virgin olive oil. The Kennebec cultivar showed differences in its potential for acrylamide formation, which was primarily related to its relatively high asparagine and reducing sugars contents, respect the other local cultivars (particulary Quarantina). Values of acrylamide below detection limit (LOD) were found in Quarantina bianca genovese cultivar samples fried in extra virgin olive oil and peanuts seed oil and higher in peanuts seed oil fried potatoes of Kennebec cultivar.     

Optimization of the blanching process to reduce acrylamide in fried potatoes

A central composite design was used to study the effect of blanching time and temperature on the extraction of reducing sugars from potato strips and slices. After frying, the impact of both factors on the acrylamide content in French fries and potato crisps was evaluated. Acrylamide could be lowered more efficiently in potato crisps compared to French fries, due to a more pronounced extraction of sugars from potato slices upon blanching. In both products, blanching temperature was the main influencing factor for sugar extraction and subsequent acrylamide mitigation. Blanching at temperatures of about 70 °C for a short period of time (about 10 min) was more efficient compared to blanching at lower temperatures, which appeared more time-consuming. However, the extraction efficiency of reducing sugars was over 10% lower when the potato cuts were blanched in water which was previously used for blanching, leading to over 10% less reduction in the final acrylamide content.