类球红细菌产辅酶Q_(10)发酵工艺的优化

类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)是一类高产辅酶Q10的光合细菌,该研究对R.sphaeroides EIM-8产辅酶Q10的发酵条件和培养基进行了优化。采用单因素结合响应面设计优化后的培养基组成为:葡萄糖27.8 g/L、(NH4)2SO4 4.9 g/L、谷氨酸4.7 g/L、玉米浆粉2.5 g/L、MgSO49.5 g/L、FeSO41.5 g/L,NaCl 3.5 g/L,KH2PO44.0 g/L、辅液15.0 mL/L;通过单因素试验方法确定的培养条件为:pH 6.5、温度32℃、接种量10%、装液量40mL/250 mL,此条件下辅酶Q10产量可达128.9 mg/L,比优化前提高了89.0%。     

产谷胱甘肽重组巴斯德毕赤氏酵母发酵条件的研究

考察了培养基组成及培养条件对重组巴斯德毕赤氏酵母(Pichia pastoris)x-33(pGAPZA-gsh 1)合成谷胱甘肽(GSH)的影响。优化后的培养基组成为:甘油30g/L、蛋白胨40g/L、酵母膏9g/L、半胱氨酸0.36 g/L、KH_2PO_4 3g/L;培养条件为:自然pH、摇床转速200r/min、装液量为30mL/250mL、接种量为10%。在此优化条件下重组酵母的GSH产量是98.5mg/L,为优化前的2.33倍,生物量最大值达到19.6g/L。在5L发酵罐上进行放大实验,发酵结束后GSH产量、重组菌的生物量分别为97.9mg/L,18.7g/L与摇瓶发酵结果基本吻合。     

富含S-腺苷甲硫氨酸面包酵母的发酵工艺优化

对摇瓶发酵生产富含S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的面包酵母的培养条件和培养基成分进行了优化,单因子实验结果表明,发酵最适pH值为5.0,最适装液量为70/250 mL,最佳接种量为2%。正交优化实验结果表明,最佳培养基成分为12°Brix糖蜜,另加酵母粉6.667g/L,(NH4)2SO4 2.829g/L,MgSO4 0.2g/L,ZnSO4 0.1g/L,KH2PO4 1g/L,在该条件下,S-腺苷甲硫氨酸产量为14.26 mg/L,含量为1.64 mg/g,分别提高了76.5%和84.3%。     

黏红酵母高静水压诱变及其β-胡萝卜素发酵培养基的优化

利用300MPa的高静水压处理黏红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis)RY06菌株10min,获得一株突变株RY06-27,其β-胡萝卜素产量从原来的6.30mg/L增加到9.64mg/L,提高了53%。通过响应面分析法优化发酵培养基,可使该突变株β-胡萝卜素产量达13.43mg/L,其优化培养基组成为酵母膏4.23g/L、接种量30mL/L、番茄汁2.5mL/L、培养基装量40mL/250mL、花生油0.5mL/L、pH6.7、葡萄糖12.11g/L、硫酸铵5g/L。     

一株凝结芽孢杆菌产芽孢条件的研究

通过培养基组成正交试验及培养条件单因素试验,对一株凝结芽孢杆菌的产芽孢条件进行了优化,优化后的培养基组成(质量分数)为酵母粉3g/L,蛋白胨5g/L,牛肉膏2g/L,MnSO4 0.005g/L,NaCl2g/L,K2HPO4 3g/L,MgSO40.02g/L.最优的培养条件为温度40℃,初始pH值为7.0,转速210r/min,装液量为250mL的三角瓶装30mL,接种量为6%(v/v),发酵时间为48h.最终的芽孢数为9.1×100 cfu/mL.     

红曲霉洛伐他汀的液态发酵及其分离纯化研究

通过培养基和发酵条件的优化提高红曲霉R"-30的洛伐他汀产量,并通过分离纯化制备高纯度的洛伐他汀。研究碳源、氮源、金属离子、培养基初始pH值、接种菌龄、接种量、装液量、摇床转速以及温度等对洛伐他汀产量的影响;进一步采用硅胶柱和Sephadex LH20柱层析对发酵液中洛伐他汀进行分离纯化。结果表明,最佳培养基配方为:甘油30 g/L,黄豆粉15 g/L,ZnSO_4·7H_2O 6. 6 g/L,KH_2PO_40. 17 g/L,MgSO_4·7H_2O 1. 5 g/L;最适发酵条件为:培养基初始pH 5. 0,接种龄64 h,接种量8%(体积分数),温度30℃,转速150 r/min,装液量50 mL/250 mL;在此条件下发酵12 d,洛伐他汀产量达615. 3 mg/L,比优化前(312 mg/L)提高了97. 2%;发酵液经NaOH碱提,柱层析分离纯化后,洛伐他汀纯度达93%,得率达45%。     

热带假丝酵母生产辅酶Q10发酵工艺的优化

以热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)AS 2.1387为出发菌株,对发酵培养基组分和发酵条件进行优化,得到了最佳的培养基组成为葡萄糖35g/L,酵母膏6g/L,蛋白胨4g/L,硫酸铵1.0g/L:最佳发酵条件为发酵温度30~C、发酵时间48h,装液量60mL/250 mL,初始pH值为6.0。同时,还研究了对羟基苯甲酸、胡萝卜汁和番茄汁对酵母菌AS 2.1387生物量和辅酶Q_(10)合成的影响,当添加0.15%对羟基苯甲酸、0.6%胡萝卜汁、0.4%番茄汁时,能大幅度促进辅酶Q_(10)的合成,最终使辅酶Q_(10)达到15.533mg/L,比优化前提高了15.28%。     

白灵菇产胞外多糖液体培养条件优化

以菌丝体生物量及发酵液中胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides,EPS)含量为指标对白灵菇产胞外多糖的液体培养基组成和发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,最适碳源是麦芽糖,最适氮源是酵母膏。正交实验确定最佳培养基组成为麸皮200g/L,麦芽糖25g/L,酵母膏3g/L,KH2PO41g/L,MgSO·47H2O1g/L。最佳发酵条件为起始pH8.0,培养温度25℃,摇床转速160r/min,装液量100mL/250mL,接种量0.50cm2菌种块,发酵时间4d。在此条件下,白灵菇菌丝体生物量(0.413g/100mL)及胞外多糖含量(2403.2mg/L)分别是对照(0.177g/100mL和664.533mg/L)的2.3倍和3.6倍。     

蜜环菌产漆酶的发酵条件研究

对蜜环菌(Amillariella mellea)产漆酶的发酵条件作了研究。结果表明蜜环菌产漆酶的最佳培养基成分为:玉米粉30g/L,豆粕12g/L,微量元素混合液40mL/L,C/N2.5,吐温801g/L,木屑0.01g/L,CuSO4·5H2O0.05mmol/L。最佳发酵条件为培养基初始pH5.0,培养基装量为250mL三角瓶中35mL培养液,25℃条件下振荡培养(180r/min)18d。     

微生物多糖韦兰胶生产工艺优化

探讨韦兰胶的生产条件,主要包括生产菌株、发酵培养基及发酵工艺条件三方面。通过绘制菌体生长曲线,了解此菌种的生长情况,初步确定二级种子的培养时间。通过单因素试验及正交试验,得出韦兰胶的最佳发酵培养基配方为：蔗糖40g/L、酵母膏3g/L、K2HPO4·7H2O 5g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 2g/L、FeSO4·7H2O1mg/L、CaCl2 0.5g/L;此条件下,韦兰胶产率由7.31g/L 上升到17.23g/L。最佳发酵工艺条件为：接种龄18h、接种量0.5%、装液量40mL(250mL 摇瓶)、初始pH7.0、摇床转速220r/min、培养温度30℃、培养时间72h,在此条件下,韦兰胶产率达20.64g/L。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.