食品乳化剂在面包生产中的应用

系统地介绍了适用于面包生产的食品乳化剂种类、性质以及对改善面包面团特性与提高产品质量的作用。     

乳化剂在粮油食品中作用机理的研究(下)——(食品抗老化保鲜、面团改良作用)

四、乳化剂的面团改良作用机理(一)问题的提出乳化剂加入食品中,例如面包、糕点,能增强面筋蛋白质强度,改善面团物理性能,特别是增大了食品的体积,提高了食品内部组织的疏松度,改善了品质.为了更好地了解乳化剂在食品中的品质改良作用机理,我们有必要介绍一下面包等发酵类产品的特点.面粉和水搅拌后,蛋白质吸水形成了面筋,构成面筋的主要成分是麦胶蛋白和麦谷蛋     

乳化剂的α—化处理及复合使用的研究：介晶理论及协同增效原理的应用

本文讨论了用于生产面包的食品乳化剂的物理化学理论以及它们作为面团改良剂和组织柔软剂的功能特性。试验结果表明,乳化剂在使用前需要α—化处理。α—结晶凝胶(pH6.8)与直链淀粉复合率最高,而且在面包中抗老化作用最佳。     

乳化剂在面包烘烤中的作用

比较了几种乳化剂与面粉中蛋白质和淀粉的作用,并对其不同晶型和复合形式对面包的改良效果进行了比较。结果表明,乳化剂不仅可以提高面团的耐揉性,更重要的是可以提高淀粉糊化温度,延长淀粉糊化时间,保证面团在较长时间内具有可膨胀性,为面团入炉后的进一步膨胀弹起创造条件,从而增大面包烘焙体积;粉状或颗粒状乳化剂不宜直接加入面粉中使用,须处理成a晶型后才能发挥最大效果;将不同种类的乳化剂适当复合,能产生明显的协同增效作用;粘度仪是研究乳化剂对淀粉性质影响的有效手段。     

主配料对面包老化的影响研究

通过实验系统研究了乳化剂SSL、水、油脂对面包老化及烘焙体积的影响。水、油做为面包主配料,对面包老化起着显著的延缓作用,乳化剂SSL是一种理想的面包抗老化剂。它们对增加面包烘焙体积有着显著的正面效果,体积与老化速率间的线性相关表明,这三种配料均通过增加面包体积而延缓了面包老化。     

乳化剂在面包制作中的应用

本文阐述了乳化剂对改良面包面团加工性能以及对面包保鲜和抗老化的作甩机理,通过比较乳化剂与其它面粉改良剂的性质,说明乳化剂在诸多方面有着自身的优势。综述了乳化剂在面包中单独应用以及与其它强筋剂以及酶制剂复合使用的研究进展,乳化剂与其它面粉改良剂复合使用具有良好的前景。     

牛乳蛋白对无麸质面包焙烤特性的改善作用

在添加水溶胶体和乳化剂的基础上,研究了三种牛乳蛋白(乳清浓缩蛋白,酪蛋白酸钠,脱脂乳粉)对无麸质面包(米粉、红薯淀粉)品质的改善作用。结果表明,乳清浓缩蛋白对无麸质面包品质的改善作用最为显著。加入15%乳清浓缩蛋白,无麸质面包比容增加19.4%,焙烤后2、24、48、72h面包硬度分别降低63.8%、80.0%、83.1%、71.2%。乳清浓缩蛋白有利于无麸质面团发酵过程中气孔的生成及发展,增加无麸质面包中小气孔及微小气孔的数量,提高面包气孔均匀性,可显著改善无麸质面包结构。     

国外面包改良剂研究进展

面包改良剂主要由氧化剂、还原剂、乳化剂及酵母营养物组成，本文对面包改良剂的几种主要成分进行了探讨，评述了它们在面团中的作用机理及其对面包质量的影响，提出了我国面包改良剂研究任务。     

真菌α—淀粉酶应用于面包生产的研究

对自制的真菌α－淀粉酶在面包生产中应用进行了研究，结果表明：添加真菌α－淀粉敏，可以缩短面包发酵时间，面包体积明显增大，品质得到改善。将酶与乳化剂、Ｖｃ配合制备面包添加剂，效果令人满意。     

溴酸钾的替代物

介绍了溴酸钾等化学氧化剂在面包烘焙中的基本作用,以及酶制剂、乳化剂和非溴酸钾化学氧化剂替代溴酸钾的功能和非溴酸钾改良剂在面包焙烤实验中的效果.     

EFFECT OF EMULSIFIERS AND FUNGAL α-AMYLASE ON RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT DOUGH AND QUALITY OF FLAT BREAD

Teftoon, a flat bread made of whole wheat flour, is prepared by hand sheeting of dough, followed by baking. Different emulsifiers, like lecithin, E471 (distilled monoglyceride) and E472 (diacetylated tartaric acid esters of mono- and digelycerid of fatty acids), were added to the flour at various levels ranging between 0.25 and 1.0% w/w, and it was observed that they improved the dough characteristics. Improvement in bread quality parameters, such as force to tear and sensory acceptability, were monitored. Fungal α -amylase was also incorporated into the flour at 5–20 g/100 kg flour basis alone and in combination with the emulsifier. The force required to tear the fresh bread was decreased with emulsifier and enzyme addition; however, E472 addition at 0.75% w/w of whole wheat flour gave the softest bread. The tear force of stored bread significantly increased with storage; however, bread containing E472 showed a less increase in tear force up to a period of 3 days. The sensory acceptability was found to be higher than that of the control bread for emulsifiers, and lower for enzyme at a concentration higher than 10 g/kg flour.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Flat bread is normally consumed fresh, but the staling phenomenon starts immediately after baking this kind of bread. Today, large-scale production and increased consumer demands for high-quality bread with long shelf life have created the need for functional food additives such as emulsifiers and α -amylase enzyme. Incorporation of emulsifiers and enzyme decreased the hardness of Taftoon bread. Emulsifiers and α -amylase enzyme enhanced the flat bread dough quality. The sensory acceptability also improved with the addition of emulsifiers. Optimizing the amount of emulsifiers and enzyme required for reduction of bread hardness is vital because the quality and price of the final product depend on this parameter.     

Method to Measure Microwave-Induced Toughness of Bread

Bread slices were placed in a custom holding device and cut with a wire cutter attached to a TA.XT2 Texture Analyzer. The peak force required to cut the bread was taken as a measure of toughness. Microwave reheated, conventionally reheated, and unheated bread were compared as were the effects of bread age (firming). Certain emulsifiers were added and microwave toughness of bread compared. Use of certain emulsifiers and increasing the water content of the bread (through use of fiber) decreased toughness of microwave-reheated bread. The developed method was effective in measuring microwave heating induced toughness.     

复配型改良剂对馒头老化影响的研究

馒头的老化是制约馒头工业化进程的一个关键问题.防止馒头老化较为有效的方法是在馒头的配方中添加各种可食用的乳化剂,使馒头中各组分分散润湿良好.通过对复配型添加剂在馒头生产中的应用研究和对比实验,开发出在馒头中添加该复配型添加剂的生产工艺,有效地解决了目前馒头变硬、口感不佳、失水等问题.     

复配型改良剂对蒸烤馒头老化影响的研究

馒头的老化是制约馒头工业化进程的一个关键问题。防止馒头老化较为有效的方法是在馒头的配方中添加各种可食用的乳化剂，使馒头中各纽分分散润湿良好。通过对复配型添加剂在馒头生产中的应用研究和对比实验，开发出在馒头中增添该复配型添加剂的生产工艺，有效地解决了目前馒头变硬、口感不佳、失水等问题。     

乳化剂影响新鲜及冷冻面团面包品质的研究

研究了硬酯酰乳酸钠(SSL)、卵磷脂、单甘酯、蔗糖酯、双乙酰酒石酸甘油酯(DATEM)等几种面包加工常用乳化剂对新鲜面团及冷冻面团的力学特性及面包的质构和感官品质的影响。结果表明,乳化剂的添加会显著提高新鲜面团的力学特性和新鲜面团面包的感官品质,卵磷脂为最适乳化剂,适宜添加量为0.45%(面粉为基数);乳化剂对冷冻面团的力学特性的影响不显著,但可以显著改善冷冻面团面包感官品质,SSL为最适乳化剂,适宜添加量为0.30%(面粉为基数)。     

Functionality of different emulsifiers on the performance of breadmaking and wheat bread quality

Emulsifiers are widely used in bakeries as dough strengtheners and crumb softeners, but there is a great diversity of compounds with emulsifier action. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of emulsifiers with different functionalities on the rheological characteristics of wheat dough, as well as their effect in the final bread parameters, including behavior during aging. All the emulsifiers tested increased dough stability, although the extent of this effect was concentration-dependent. The presence of emulsifier retarded dough proofing; in consequence, longer proofing times would be required when emulsifiers are used. In fact, the positive effects of emulsifiers on bread volume were only observed with long proofing times, and that also became evident when crumb hardness was analyzed. Sodium stearoyl lactylate, sucrose ester, lecithin and enriched lecithin were the emulsifiers with the greatst crumb softening effects at extended proofing times. However, when the objective is a hardening delay during storage, the emulsifiers of choice are monoglyceride and lecithin enriched in lysophospholipids. This study reveals the importance of the proofing period to the functionality of the emulsifiers when used for breadmaking performance.     

玉米面包的研制

介绍了玉米面包的生产工艺及操作参数；讨论了加水量、酵母用量、食品胶、乳化剂等因素对面包质量的影响；分析得出了玉米面包生产的适宜配方为：玉米粉100％、水75％左右、酵母1．2％左右、糖20％、油脂3％、鲜鸡蛋5％、食盐0．8％、黄原胶0．5％、瓜尔豆胶0．2％、单甘酯0．5％、蔗糖酯0．3％。     

复配型面包改良乳化剂的研究

借助粉质仪、流变仪等仪器设备研究了多种乳化剂对国产小麦粉烘烤品质的改良效果 ,最后得到一个应用于国产小麦粉的复配型面包改良乳化剂配方。该配方能显著改善面团流变学特性和面包品质 ,是一种高效、经济、实用的面包改良剂。     

乳化剂对面粉淀粉作用

该文探讨乳化剂与面粉中淀粉作用原理,即乳化剂可与淀粉作用形成疏水性螺旋胶;同时还阐述影响这种作用的因素,包括乳化剂链长,结构形态,溶液中状态分布,及晶型结构和水分影响。此外,还就乳化剂对面粉品质作用效果,从理论上进行详尽说明。     

乳化剂与小麦淀粉的相互作用探析

乳化剂可以与面粉中直链淀粉作用生成疏水性螺旋胶 ,这种作用受到许多因素的影响。乳化剂与面粉中淀粉的作用可以大大改善面包的质量。