Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of wine vinegars produced by two different techniques

BACKGROUND: The presence of phenolics in fruit, red wine and vinegar has positive health effects due to their significant antioxidant activity. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of two different vinegar production methods on antioxidant activity and phenolic level of vinegars derived from Ulugbey Karasi grapes. Traditional surface and industrial submerge methods were used to make vinegar. Samples were taken from fresh red grape juice, maceration, wine, traditional vinegar and industrial vinegar. RESULTS: Total phenolic content of traditional and industrial vinegar samples were 2690 mg L^?1 and 2461 mg L^?1 GAE, respectively. ORAC values of traditional and industrial vinegar samples were 10.50 µmol mL^?1and 8.84 µmol mL^?1 TE, respectively. Antioxidant activity values of traditional and industrial vinegars were 13.50 mmol L^?1 and 10.37 mmol L^?1 TEAC, respectively. Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p‐coumaric acid and ferulic acid were detected in grape juice, wine and vinegar samples. The content of catechin in industrial vinegar (27.50 mg L^?1) was significantly higher than that of in traditional vinegar (13.76 mg L^?1) (P < 0.05). Traditional vinegar had higher amounts of chlorogenic and syringic acids than the industrial vinegar (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed that different production methods affected the functional constituents of wine vinegars. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of fermentation by Bacillus subtilis on antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of black rice bran

Black rice bran was fermented with Bacillus subtilis KU3 isolated from Korean traditional food, Kimchi. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the fermented black rice bran were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents decreased from 171.54 mg GAE g^?1 and 2.31 mg g^?1 to 139.13 mg GAE g^?1 and 2.12 mg g^?1, respectively, after fermentation. Antioxidant activities determined by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, β‐carotene bleaching and ferric thiocyanate assay were correlated with total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. Non‐fermented black rice bran extract (NFBE) showed greater antioxidant activities than fermented black rice bran extract (FBE). Cytotoxic activities measured by MTT assay showed that both NFBE and FBE had over 50% activities. The cytotoxic activities of FBE against MCF‐7 and HeLa cells were 71.65% and 68.07%, respectively, at 8.0 mg mL^?1, but those of NFBE were lower than 50%. These results suggested that the cytotoxic activity of black rice bran improved through fermentation, while antioxidant activity reduced.     

用化学发光法分析燕麦发芽前后酚类物质抗氧化活性

对燕麦种子进行发芽实验6 d,对原样、6 d籽粒、6 d芽和6 d根中的酚类物质进行提取纯化,采用化学发光法对不同部位纯化物清除活性氧自由基的能力进行测定。结果表明:原样、6 d籽粒、6 d芽和6 d根纯化物在不同体系中均表现出良好的抗氧化活性,其清除超氧阴离子的IC50值分别为0.952、0.702、3.248、1.060 mg/mL,清除羟基自由基的IC50值分别为8.80、3.31、13.69、11.68μg/mL,清除双氧水的IC50值分别为10.97、8.64、13.05、9.61μg/mL,可见发芽过程使燕麦籽粒在3个体系中的抗氧化活性均有所提高,而燕麦芽的抗氧化活性相对籽粒和根较差。     

化学发光法对燕麦贮藏蛋白质抗氧化活性的评价

燕麦营养价值高,且蛋白含量丰富,球蛋白作为其主要的贮藏蛋白质,其必需氨基酸比例合理。目前,有很多燕麦蛋白加工方面的研究,而对于其生物活性的探讨较少。用三种化学发光体系对燕麦球蛋白和清蛋白的体外抗氧化能力进行研究,发现在清除超氧阴离子和保护DNA损伤方面球蛋白的效果优于清蛋白,其半数抑制率分别为0.85 mg/mL和7.3 mg/mL,而清蛋白有较好的清除羟基自由基的作用,其半数抑制率为2.26 mg/mL。结果说明,两种燕麦贮藏蛋白质有较弱的抗氧化活性。     

生姜与醋泡姜抗氧化、抑菌和抗肿瘤活性比较研究

本文研究了生姜和醋泡姜的姜油和姜乙醇提取物的抗氧化、抑菌和抗肿瘤作用的活性差异。以抗坏血酸为对照,评价两类姜提取物的抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟自由基(·OH)清除能力和总还原能力);以96孔板微量稀释法比较了两类姜提取物对几种常见致病菌的抑菌活性;同时研究了两类姜提取物对HCT116(人结肠癌细胞)、HepG2(人肝癌细胞)、Skov3(卵巢癌细胞)等肿瘤细胞的抗癌效果。结果表明:醋泡姜的抗氧化活性总体上好于生姜,其中醋姜油对羟自由基(·OH)的清除能力(IC₅₀为0.28 mg/mL)明显强于生姜油(IC₅₀为0.42 mg/mL);生姜和醋泡生姜提取物都有一定的抑菌作用,醋姜油的抑菌效果稍好于生姜油,其中最好的是醋姜油对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用(156.25 μg/mL);抗肿瘤活性基本相当。本研究结果表明,醋泡姜在抗氧化、抑菌功能上一定程度优于生姜。     

Manufacture and quality evaluation of purple sweet potato Makgeolli vinegar using a 2-stage fermentation

Purple sweet potato makgeolli vinegar made using a 2-stage fermentation method was evaluated. The highest alcohol concentration was 4% in a growth medium containing Acetobacter aceti ATCC 15973. Purple sweet potato makgeolli vinegar (PMV) had higher pH and lower acidity values than rice makgeolli vinegar (RMV). The total polyphenol content was 327.14 mg of GAE/L and the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 67.63% for PMV. Both values were much higher than for RMV. The total polyphenol and the DPPH radical scavenging activities of PMV decreased slowly during storage for 20 days, showing that stability of the antioxidant effect during storage was maintained.     

古田红曲米抗氧化活性物质的分离纯化

本文对产自不同地区的红曲米进行抑菌、抗氧化活性的测定,结果显示古田红曲米的抗细菌活性稍强于其它地区产的红曲米。采用凝胶柱层析、反相和正相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化方法,结合核磁共振波谱及质谱检测等技术手段对古田红曲的甲醇提取活性物质进行分析和结构鉴定。结果表明不同有机溶剂提取物的抑菌效果有很大差异,同浓度下抑菌效果从大到小依次为枯草芽孢杆菌大肠杆菌黑曲霉塔宾曲霉酿酒酵母菌;抗氧化实验中,古田红曲米抗氧化活性较强,此外,古田红曲乙酸乙酯提取物以及50%水-50%甲醇到0%水-100%甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性也较好。最后,从古田红曲米中分离纯化出2个化合物,鉴定为亚油酸和α-亚麻酸,它们均有一定的抗氧化和抗肿瘤等活性。     

Comparison of composition and antioxidant capacity of some cereals and pseudocereals

Polyphenols, phenolic acids, fibres and antioxidant capacity were determined in water, acetone and methanol extracts of buckwheat, rice, soybean, quinoa and 3 amaranth cultivars. Their antioxidant activities were comparatively assessed by total radical‐trapping antioxidative potential (TRAP), ferric ion‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric‐reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and nitric oxide (NO^?) assays, which comprised of contributions from polyphenols and phenolic acids (especially from the most abundant ferulic acid). The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities of cereal and pseudocereal methanol extracts with FRAP, NO^?, CUPRAC and TRAP were 0.99, 0.97, 0.96 and 0.77, respectively. The weakest correlation was with dietary fibres, an average one exhibited with tannins and marked correlation was shown with the phenolics. All the applied methods have shown that pseudocereals have higher antioxidant activity than some cereals (rice and buckwheat) and can be successfully replaced by cereals in case of allergy.     

Avena sativa (Oat), A Potential Neutraceutical and Therapeutic Agent: An Overview

The aim of the present review article is to summarize the available information related to the availability, production, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, and traditional uses of Avena sativa to highlight its potential to contribute to human health. Oats are now cultivated worldwide and form an important dietary staple for the people in number of countries. Several varieties of oats are available. It is a rich source of protein, contains a number of important minerals, lipids, β-glucan, a mixed-linkage polysaccharide, which forms an important part of oat dietary fiber, and also contains various other phytoconstituents like avenanthramides, an indole alkaloid-gramine, flavonoids, flavonolignans, triterpenoid saponins, sterols, and tocols. Traditionally oats have been in use since long and are considered as stimulant, antispasmodic, antitumor, diuretic, and neurotonic. Oat possesses different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticholesterolaemic, etc. A wide spectrum of biological activities indicates that oat is a potential therapeutic agent.     

Anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity in bran extracts of some Thai black rice varieties

This study investigated both the anthocyanin content and the antioxidant capacity of a set of genetically related glutinous and nonglutinous Thai black rice varieties. The ethanol/water extracts of the brans of these black rice varieties showed relatively potent antioxidant activities compared with those of tocopherol. These antioxidant activities were determined by thiocyanate, H₂O₂‐scavenging chemiluminescence (XYZ), Cu⁺⁺/bathocuproine colorimetry (PAO) and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging assay. The structural identification and quantification of the black rice anthocyanins performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and tandem mass spectrometry found cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside as the major anthocyanins in the ranges of 16.01–34.40 and 2.43–7.36 μg mL^?1, respectively. The comparative study in terms of quantity of these phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of the black rice bran extracts suggested the contribution of overall phenolic components rather than that of the particular anthocyanin pigments.     

新型燕麦酸奶制作工艺及其理化性质分析

以燕麦乳及复原乳为原料,市售酸奶发酵菌种为发酵剂,开发一种新型燕麦酸奶。以感官评分及酸度为指标,通过单因素实验探究燕麦乳与复原乳的复配比、菌种添加量、发酵时间、发酵温度4个因素对燕麦酸奶发酵效果的影响。在单因素实验的基础上采用正交试验确定燕麦酸奶的最优发酵工艺,并对燕麦酸奶的基本理化指标包括蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、酸度、pH进行测定分析,通过ABTS和DPPH自由基清除能力分析燕麦酸奶的抗氧化活性,通过气质联用法测定燕麦酸奶中风味物质。结果表明,燕麦酸奶的最优发酵工艺为:燕麦乳/复原乳为2:1,发酵菌种接种量为0.2%,发酵时间9 h,发酵温度34 ℃。在此工艺条件下制得的燕麦酸奶呈均匀的米白色,口感酸甜适中,富含燕麦清香。GC-MS共检测出燕麦酸奶36种香气成分,主要为酯类、酸类和醛类。与市售酸奶相比,燕麦酸奶的蛋白质含量与其接近但脂肪含量只有其60%,且抗氧化活性及甘氨酸和精氨酸含量显著提高（P<0.05）,更适合减肥人群食用。     

Comparison of antioxidant properties of persimmon vinegar and some other commercial vinegars in radical-scavenging assays and on lipid oxidation in tuna homogenates

Five kinds of vinegars (two kinds of persimmon vinegars, unpolished rice vinegar, polished rice vinegar, and apple vinegar) were evaluated for their scavenging activity towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, and for their antioxidant activity in tuna homogenate. The total phenolic content was also determined by the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. Markedly high phenolic contents and radical-scavenging activities were found for vinegar made from persimmon Saijyo varieties, and unpolished rice vinegar. When incorporated into fatty tuna homogenates, persimmon vinegar effectively inhibited lipid oxidation in the homogenates. Persimmon vinegar may be as useful in fish processing as are other naturally occurring antioxidants, helping to prevent the formation of off-flavour in fish and their products and to increase shelf life.     

Drying kinetics,physico‐chemical properties,antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate

This research was aimed to study physico‐chemical properties and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate. Germination led to an increase in released phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP) of rice bean hydrolysate. The hydrolysate obtained from germinated rice bean (GRB) and non‐germinated rice beans (NGRBs) was foam‐mat dried at 60 and 70 °C. Semi‐theoretical and empirical model could suitably describe the drying characteristic of foamed bean hydrolysate. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried samples decreased with increasing air‐drying temperature (P ≤ 0.05). Gallic acid, catechol and epicatechin were major phenolic compounds in foam‐mat dried samples prepared from both GRB and NGRB. The higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities were found in foam‐mat dried hydrolysate of GRB. Electron spin resonance spectrometry revealed that foam‐mat dried rice bean hydrolysate showed a strong ability to scavenge free radicals, especially carbon‐centred radicals.     

Extraction optimisation and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Allium macrostemon Bunge

A four‐factor and three‐level Box–Behnken design was used to optimise the extraction parameters for polysaccharides from Allium macrostemon Bunge (AMBP). As a result, the optimal conditions for AMBP extraction were the following: extraction temperature, 87 °C; ratio of water to raw material, 12 mL g^?1; extraction time, 100 min; and extraction times, 3. Then, a graded ethanol precipitation was used to fractionate the water‐extractable polysaccharides, resulting in three polysaccharides fractions of AMBP40, AMBP60 and AMBP80. During in vitro antioxidant assay, AMBP40 exhibited relative stronger scavenging activities on hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical and metal chelating activity than AMBP60 and AMBP80. The differences in antioxidant activities in vitro might be due to their differences in molecular weight and uronic acid content.     

Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of extracts from Ganoderma tsugae

The antioxidant activities and scavenging effects on free radicals of extracts from Ganoderma were investigated. The methanolic extracts of Ganoderma tsugae (MEGT) showed the strongest antioxidant activity of five species of Ganoderma tested. MEGT exhibited substantial antioxidant activity in the linoleic acid and rat liver microsome peroxidation systems. The antioxidant activity of MEGT was stronger than α-tocopherol. MEGT had a strong chelating effect on Fe²⁺. MEGT showed a marked and concentration-dependent scavenging activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. MEGT also exhibited a strong scavenging effect on the hydroxyl radical as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. The formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, from 2′-deoxyguanosine induced by various prooxidants, was reduced by MEGT. In view of these results, the antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of Ganoderma may have an important role on inhibition of lipid peroxidation in biological systems.     

Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of an exopolysaccharide fraction isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bifidobacterium animalis</Emphasis> RH

The major exopolysaccharide fraction (EPSa) of Bifidobacterium animalis RH was purified to illustrate the chemical characterization and the antioxidant activity in vitro. The molecular weight of EPSa was 2.31 × 10⁴ Da determined by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and the monosaccharide analysis of high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) showed that it was a heteropolysaccharide mainly composed of d-glucose, d-mannose, d-galactose, l-arabinose, d-fructose, and l-rhamnose in molar ratios of 43:34:18:4:1:1. In antioxidant assays, the EPSa had a higher activity for antilipid peroxidation and a stronger scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical than ascorbic acid. It also had a similar α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity with ascorbic acid at low concentration and had concentration-dependent inhibitory ability on erythrocyte hemolysis. These results indicated that the EPSa fraction had strong antioxidant activities and could be explored as novel potential antioxidants.     

原料大米对成品黄酒抗氧化性的影响

以泰国香米、上海武育米、长粒香米、东北大米、扬州大米和扬州糯米为研究对象,考察其酿造特性和抗氧化性;分别以上述6种大米为原料酿制黄酒,研究主发酵期间醪液抗氧化能力的动态变化趋势,评估成品黄酒的品质和抗氧化性。结果显示,原料大米及相应成品黄酒中的多酚对其抗氧化活性具有重要影响,多酚含量越高,抗氧化活性就越强;以扬州大米为原料酿制的黄酒的抗氧化活性最强,且品质优良。研究结果表明,扬州大米可以作为糯米的替代品或作为配料用来酿制具有抗氧化活性的黄酒。     

Antioxidant activity of hydrolysates derived from porcine plasma

BACKGROUND: In China alone, more than 400 million pigs are slaughtered each year to provide meat. Porcine blood is rich in proteins but is usually discarded, which can cause environmental contamination. Recovering porcine blood and converting it to high‐value products is therefore economically and environmentally desirable. However, very little information on antioxidant peptides from porcine blood by‐products is currently available. In this study the antioxidant properties of porcine plasma hydrolysates PPE and PPA prepared with pepsin and papain respectively were investigated. RESULTS: Both PPE and PPA showed excellent antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid system (AL) compared with α‐tocopherol (VE) at the same concentration (P < 0.01). Their activities were respectively 3.33 and 1.83 times stronger than that of VE at a concentration of 10 µg mL^?1 and 5.4 and 5.6 times stronger at 100 µg mL^?1. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity (DRSA) reached 48.4 and 43.1% for PPE and PPA respectively at 500 µg mL^?1. The ferrous ion‐chelating power (FICP) of PPE at 100 µg mL^?1 was about 1.5 times stronger than that of 10 µmol L^?1 ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in a 50 µmol L^?1 Fe²⁺ system, whereas the FICP of PPA at 100 µg mL^?1 was 61% that of 10 µmol L^?1 EDTA. Furthermore, PPE was separated on Resource 15RPC and Superdex peptide 10/300GL columns, and the antioxidant activity of the peptides and its relationship to their polarity and molecular weight (MW) were analysed. The hydrolysate was divided into four groups (R1–R4) with hydrophobicities ranging from weak to strong by Resource 15RPC, while it was divided into three groups (S1, MW 7–12 kDa; S2, MW 3–7 kDa; S3, MW 1–3 kDa) by Superdex peptide 10/300GL. CONCLUSION: The results showed that AL was significantly and positively correlated with the relative amounts of R1, S2 and S3 and that DRSA was dependent on R3 and S1. The fractions of PPE were not responsible for FICP. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant activity of vinegar melanoidins

Melanoidins, the brown polymers formed through Maillard reaction during vinegar process, are one of major high-molecular-weight fractions of vinegar. In this study the antioxidant activity of high-molecular-weight fractions (MW > 3500 Da) separated from ethanol-supernatant extraction of concentrated Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar was evaluated by different in vitro tests: the DPPH radical scavenging activity, the reducing power, total phenolic content, and the inhibitory effect on hydroxyl radical. Each individual fraction was found to have antioxidant activity in all the model systems tested. The high-molecular-weight fractions of vinegar (MW > 3500 Da) were separated into different fractions by DEAE-Sepharose fast flow. The fractions eluted by 0.2 mol/L NaCl and 0.3 mol/L NaCl with higher phenolic content have stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Antioxidant activity in hydroxyl radical system was not correlated with phenolic content. Two phases which have stronger effects on Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in production process were examined. Decoction, storing and aging may affect vinegar’s antioxidant activity. The present results support the concept that melanoidins formed during vinegar production process may have health promotion activity.     

发芽燕麦不同溶剂提取液抗氧化活性的比较

将燕麦种子进行发芽,对未发芽原样、发芽6 d的籽粒、芽和根分别用体积分数80%的甲醇、乙醇和丙酮溶液提取其多酚,测定了不同溶剂提取液的总酚提取率、清除DPPH.自由基的能力、还原能力以及清除亚硝酸盐的能力,并对其差异性及相关性进行了分析。结果表明:发芽前后燕麦多酚均具有较强的清除DPPH.自由基的能力及较强的还原能力,对亚硝酸盐也具有一定的清除作用。不同溶剂提取液的抗氧化活性与其总酚种类和极性密切相关,发芽在一定程度上提高了燕麦的抗氧化活性。