多羧基纤维素纳米晶的制备与性能研究

采用乙二胺四乙酸二酐（EDTAD）酯化法制备表面羧基含量及羟基取代度可控的多羧基化纤维素纳米晶（ECNC）,并通过改变酯化条件,优化实验结果;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT IR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、电导滴定、X射线衍射（XRD）、元素分析、Zeta电位等对ECNC进行分析。结果表明,ECNC保持了CNC的形貌和结晶结构完整性,并且在水和磷酸盐（PBS）缓冲溶液中的分散性较CNC显著提高;同时,通过改变酯化反应条件可控制ECNC表面羧基含量及羟基取代度。该ECNC颗粒有望用于高性能复合纳米材料的制备及功能化纳米复合颗粒的制备中。     

LPMO结合硫酸水解制备纤维素纳米晶体

以棉溶解浆为原料,使用裂解性多糖单加氧酶（LPMO）预水解结合硫酸水解制备纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）,对LPMO预水解前后纤维的微观形态和制得的CNC进行了粒径、结晶度和微观形态等表征,并与仅硫酸水解制备的CNC进行对比。研究发现,采用质量分数60%硫酸水解时,经LPMO预水解得到的CNC比仅硫酸水解制备的CNC平均粒径减少22 nm,结晶度提高8.8个百分点,得率提高19.3个百分点。在LPMO预水解后,随着硫酸质量分数降低,CNC的得率和羧基与磺酸基总量减少,粒径上升,而结晶度无明显正比关系。从LPMO作用整体效果来看,预水解结合50%硫酸得到的CNC与对照组相比粒径增加9 nm,羧基和磺酸基总量略小,而结晶度提高6.4个百分点,得率提高18.4个百分点,其原子力显微镜（AFM）表征显示已达到纳米水平。故通过LPMO预水解结合50%硫酸即可制得CNC,这可降低对工业生产上设备耐酸能力的要求。但LPMO反应周期长,因此在实际工业应用中有待进一步研究。     

茶梗制备纤维素纳米晶体及其表征

以茶梗为原料,采用硫酸水解法制备纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）,并运用响应面分析法对CNC制备工艺（即硫酸质量分数、反应温度和反应时间）进行优化;采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、热重分析仪（TG）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对CNC的形貌、热力学性能、结晶结构和结晶性能进行表征。结果表明,制备茶梗CNC的最佳反应时间125 min,温度45℃,硫酸质量分数为63%;在最佳工艺条件下获得的CNC的得率为49.9%,其为棒状,直径4~8 nm,长度100~250 nm,属纤维素I型;与茶梗纤维相比,茶梗CNC结晶度提高,热稳定性降低。     

硫酸水解辅助高压均质法制备小麦秸秆纳米纤维素

以小麦秸秆纤维素为原料,通过硫酸水解辅助高压均质的方法,分层制备小麦秸秆纳米纤维素（CNC）;分别采用马尔文纳米粒度分析仪、透射电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪对分层制备的小麦秸秆CNC进行表征分析。结果表明,经硫酸水解预处理、离心收集得到的上层清液纳米纤维素（CNC-SL）为纳米纤维素晶须,与原料相比,其结晶度由48.61%提高至71.87%;硫酸水解预处理、离心收集的残余纤维固体（CNC-S）经8次均质处理制备的纳米纤维素（CNC-SP）,其粒径分布在100~200 nm,直径约为15 nm,为高结晶度的短棒状纳米纤维素晶须,晶型为I_β型。与原料相比,CNC-SL和CNC-SP的热稳定性均下降。与硫酸水解法制备CNC相比,硫酸水解辅助高压均质法制备的CNC得率较高;与机械均质化方法相比,此方法所需均质次数明显减少。     

纤维素纳米晶体对热升华转印纸涂层性能影响研究

本研究通过酸水解法制备纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）悬浮液,将其加入SiO₂/羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）涂料中,形成一种热升华转印纸生物基涂层。结果表明,CNC对SiO₂/CMC团聚具有一定的分散作用。与SiO₂/CMC涂层的热升华转印纸相比,CNC添加量为2.0%的SiO₂/CMC/CNC涂层的热升华转印纸纵、横向抗张指数分别提高了9.2%、9.3%,平滑度提高了31.9%,透气度下降了46.0%,油墨吸收值下降了3.4%、干燥速度提高了24.3%,承印物平均色密度值由1.01升高至1.21,油墨转移率由80.1%升高至88.5%。由此可见,CNC添加提高了热升华转印纸的机械和热转印性能。     

NaClO/CNC氧化淀粉的制备及其复合膜的性能研究

将纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)加入NaClO氧化体系制备氧化淀粉(OS),将氧化淀粉(OS)与聚乙烯醇(PVA)/甘油(GL)共混制备复合膜,3种物质的质量比为OS∶PVA∶GL=20∶8∶5;并对OS和复合膜的性能进行表征。结果表明,在CNC添加量为0. 5%时,OS的羧基含量最高为1. 1%;此时复合膜的透明度达到最高值0. 66,且复合膜的热稳定性最好;在CNC添加量为3. 0%时,复合膜的拉伸应力达到11. 89 MPa。     

羧基改性水性聚氨酯的制备及其对涤纶夜光整理的影响

通过合成不同羧基含量的聚氨酯预聚体,乳化制备了一系列水性聚氨酯（WPU）整理剂,再与长效夜光材料复配,研究了羧基含量对WPU夜光整理剂分散稳定性及荧光行为的影响。将WPU夜光整理剂采用常温浸轧工艺处理涤纶织物,测定了整理后织物的荧光行为和耐洗性。结果表明：一定量的羧基含量可以提高夜光材料在整理剂中的分散性和稳定性,但过高的羧基含量对发光强度有明显的抑制作用,会导致荧光衰减速率明显加快;WPU夜光整理织物表现出良好的发光性能、荧光半衰减时间及较佳的耐洗涤性。     

Ca2+交联羧基化麦草秸秆化机浆的制备及性能研究

本研究采用TEMPO氧化体系,转化麦草秸秆化机浆（SP）纤维素C6位上的羟基为羧基,制备羧基化麦草秸秆化机浆（CSP）;对CSP进行Ca²⁺交联,制备Ca²⁺交联羧基化麦草秸秆化机浆（CSP@Ca²⁺）,探究其纸浆的物理强度性能。基于FT-IR、XPS等手段可以明显检测CSP 纤维的羰基/羧基官能团：羧基化1 h麦草秸秆化机浆纤维（CSP1）的羧酸含量为0.27 mmol/g,其Zeta电位从SP的-21.7 mV变化为-29.2 mV,这为Ca²⁺的交联提供作用位点。纸张物理强度结果表明,CSP1@Ca²⁺0.5的抗张指数、耐破指数和撕裂指数分别较SP提高154.4%、170.8%和12.9%。最终,CSP1@Ca²⁺0.5与SP配抄纸张（配抄比例为50∶50）的抗张指数、耐破指数和撕裂指数分别达27.1 N·m/g、2.28 kPa·m²/g和3.68 mN·m²/g,较SP分别提高83.4%、115.1%和8.3%。     

CNC经ATRP接枝含胺基聚合物制备具有pH响应Pickering乳化剂

本研究对纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）进行溴代异丁基接枝,然后在甲醇-水溶剂中室温下进行原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）,制备了含有叔胺基聚合物支链的CNC改性产物（CNC-PDMAPMA、CNC-PDMAEMA、CNC-PDEAEMA）。采用多种手段对产物进行了分析和表征,证实聚合物接枝CNC改性产物成功制备。当这3种改性产物的悬浮液质量分数为0.8%时,其表面张力分别为50.6、51.7和 54.4 mN/m,具有良好的表面活性。质量分数0.6%的聚合物改性CNC稳定的甲苯/水和庚烷/水Pickering乳液至少可以保存15天而不出现相分离。3种改性产物的水分散液具有对甲苯（庚烷）/水乳液的N₂/CO₂乳化-破乳响应性转换能力。     

深度氧化淀粉的制备及助洗性能

研究了用次氯酸钠氧化玉米淀粉制备高羧基含量的氧化淀粉并探索其在洗涤剂助洗方面的应用 .结果表明 :制备高羧基含量的氧化淀粉的最佳工艺条件为氧化剂用量 2 0 %、反应 pH为9.0、反应时间为 3.0h、反应温度为 4 5℃ ;氧化淀粉对模拟固体污垢MnO2 具有较理想的悬浮分散性及分散稳定性并具有一定的金属离子的封锁能力 .     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.