尿素包合法富集马齿苋全草油多不饱和脂肪酸及脂肪酸分析

以混合脂肪酸为原料,以提取率、碘价为指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验确定尿素包合法富集马齿苋全草油中多不饱和脂肪酸的最佳工艺条件。利用气相色谱―质谱联用仪(GC–MS)对富集前后的混合脂肪酸组成进行分析并比较。结果表明,尿素包合法富集马齿苋全草油中多不饱和脂肪酸的最优工艺条件是:尿素/混合脂肪酸(m/m)为1,混合脂肪酸/乙醇(m/v)为1∶16,回流时间为20 min,包合时间为24 h。多不饱和脂肪酸含量由68.12%提高到91.35%。     

蚕蛹油尿素包合物中尿素和脂肪酸的分离回收工艺研究

采用尿素包合法对蚕蛹油中的多不饱和脂肪酸进行富集,为了合理利用资源,实现尿素和脂肪酸的高效回收利用,研究了蚕蛹油尿素包合物中尿素和脂肪酸的分离回收工艺.结果表明最佳工艺条件为:水作溶解尿素包合物的溶剂,在70 ℃固液比为2∶ 1(pH为2～3)的条件下全部溶解,用石油醚萃取出脂肪酸,剩余的尿素溶液在0 ℃下结晶2 h.在此条件下回收率为97.55%,回收的尿素中氮含量达45.9%,脂肪酸组成主要为C16∶ 0(34.16%)、C18∶ 0(12.17%)和C18∶ 1(42.93%)饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸.     

尿素包埋法富集椰子油中月桂酸工艺条件优化

研究了尿素包埋法富集椰子油中月桂酸工艺。以椰子油为原料通过皂化酸解制备椰子油混合脂肪酸,然后对混合脂肪酸进行尿素包埋富集月桂酸。通过单因素实验和正交实验法优化,得到影响包埋效果的6个因素的主次顺序为水浴温度包埋时间尿素与混合脂肪酸质量比水浴时间尿素与甲醇质量比包埋温度。尿素包埋法富集椰子油中月桂酸的优化工艺条件为:尿素与甲醇质量比1∶2,包埋温度-20℃,包埋时间10 h,尿素与混合脂肪酸质量比1∶1. 5,水浴温度50℃,水浴时间5 h。在优化工艺条件下,富集后月桂酸含量为60. 05%,较富集前的50. 70%提高了9. 35个百分点。     

尿素包合法富集沙棘果油棕榈油酸的工艺优化

以沙棘果油为原料,采用尿素包合法富集沙棘果油中的棕榈油酸,以棕榈油酸含量为评价指标,采用单因素试验分别考察包合时间、包合温度、醇脲比及脲脂比对棕榈油酸含量的影响,利用响应面软件优化尿素包合法富集沙棘果油中棕榈油酸的工艺。得到的尿素包合法富集沙棘果油中棕榈油酸最佳工艺参数为:脲脂比2.5∶1,包合温度-4℃,包合时间12 h,醇脲比5∶1。在最佳条件下,可将沙棘果油棕榈油酸含量由30.28%提高到54.80%,棕榈油酸回收率为32.46%。     

元宝枫油中神经酸乙酯的分离提纯

将元宝枫油制成混合脂肪酸乙酯,分别利用多级分子蒸馏提纯和分子蒸馏与尿素包合法相结合提纯神经酸乙酯得到高含量的神经酸乙酯产品。六级分子蒸馏直接提纯神经酸乙酯,得到神经酸乙酯含量为78.35%的产品。二级分子蒸馏与尿素包合法相结合时,分子蒸馏脱除甾醇、维生素E、C16、C18、C20及部分C22脂肪酸乙酯,得到神经酸乙酯与芥酸乙酯比例为1∶1的初级产品,再在m(脂肪酸乙酯)∶m(尿素)∶V(甲醇)为1∶5∶35、包合温度35℃、包合时间8 h条件下,经过二次尿素包合处理,可得到神经酸乙酯含量为66.21%的产品。     

响应面法优化黑加仑籽油中γ-亚麻酸富集工艺

采用响应面优化尿素包合法富集黑加仑籽油中γ-亚麻酸的最佳工艺。在单因素试验基础上,选择包合温度、尿素/混合脂肪酸配比、95%乙醇/尿素配比(mL/g)、包合时间为考察因素,进行四因素三水平的Box-Behnken中心组合设计,采用响应面法分析4个因素对籽油中γ-亚麻酸含量的影响。结果表明,尿素包合法富集黑加仑籽油中γ-亚麻酸的最佳工艺为包合温度-20℃、尿素/混合脂肪酸配比3.5∶1、95%乙醇/尿素配比2.5∶1(mL/g)、包合时间21h,在此条件下,包合后籽油中γ-亚麻酸含量平均值为24.27%。     

尿素包合法纯化蚕蛹油中α-亚麻酸工艺研究

以干蚕蛹为原料,采用超声波技术提取蚕蛹油,经皂化酸解制得混合脂肪酸,再采用尿素包合法分离提纯其中的α-亚麻酸.通过单因素试验考察了各因素对α-亚麻酸含量和收率的影响.在m(脂肪酸)∶ m(尿素)∶ V(甲醇)为1∶ 3∶ 8,0 ℃包合12 h,包合2次条件下,α-亚麻酸的含量由初始的37.45%提高到83.87%,收率为18.26%.     

超高压脲包法提高模拟亚麻籽油中多不饱和脂肪酸分离效率

采用超高压尿素包合法（脲包法）富集亚麻籽油中亚油酸和亚麻酸两种多不饱和脂肪酸（poly unsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）,以非包合相PUFA含量及得率为考察指标。当尿素/混合脂肪酸质量比为3∶2且尿素-混合脂肪酸与95%乙醇溶液料液比为5∶14时,脲包混合液在20 ℃冷却30 min并采用300 MPa压力保压20 min后,亚麻籽油中PUFA质量分数可达96.05%,这与传统的冷冻脲包法（－18 ℃、18 h）对PUFA的分离效果（97.41%）类似,但非包合相中PUFA得率提高41.39%。采用差示扫描量热仪分析、扫描电子显微镜观察不同压力下尿素包合物（urea inclusion complexes,UIC）晶体热力学性质和晶体形貌,结果显示：当压力小于300 MPa时,增大压力可以促进UIC结晶形成六方晶系晶体,且晶体形态趋于规则,晶体分布密集。超高压脲包法能够提高亚麻籽油中PUFA的分离效率,且与压力促进包合物晶体趋于规则和稳定有关。     

尿素包合法纯化红花籽油工艺研究

介绍了以尿素包合法纯化红花籽油中亚油酸的方法.对多不饱和脂肪酸的制备及尿素包合法纯化其中亚油酸的工艺进行了研究,结果表明,尿素：甲醇浓度为0.3（w/v）、温度10℃、时间为24h、（尿素＋甲醇）：原料脂肪酸的质量比为1：1时,富集效果最好,纯化后脂肪酸的纯度和得率可分别达到93%和90%以上.     

脲包法富集高纯度红花油亚油酸甲酯的研究

以亚油酸含量 81 74 %的红花油为原料 ,采用先碱性醇解 ,后尿素包合的方法 ,从红花油中富集亚油酸。通过正交试验 ,确定了尿素一次包合法富集高纯度亚油酸甲酯的最佳工艺条件 :混合脂肪酸甲酯∶尿素∶甲醇为 1 0 4∶1∶4 (W/W /V) ,包合温度 - 10℃ ,包合时间 2 4h ,亚油酸甲酯得率 72 95 % ,纯度 99 2 7%。     

Effects of different protein supplements on omasal nutrient flow and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows

Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows that were part of a larger lactation trial were used in 2 replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares to quantify effects of supplementing protein as urea, solvent soybean meal (SSBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), or canola meal (CM) on omasal nutrient flows and microbial protein synthesis. All diets contained (% of dry matter) 21% alfalfa silage and 35% corn silage plus 1) 2% urea plus 41% high-moisture shelled corn (HMSC), 2) 12% SSBM plus 31% HMSC, 3) 14% CSM plus 29% HMSC, or 4) 16% CM plus 27% HMSC. Crude protein was equal across diets, averaging 16.6%. The CSM diet supplied the least rumen-degraded protein and the most rumen-undegraded protein. Microbial nonammonia N flow was similar among the true protein supplements but was 14% lower in cows fed urea. In vivo ruminal passage rate, degradation rate, and estimated escape for the 3 true proteins were, respectively, 0.044/h, 0.105/h, and 29% for SSBM; 0.051/h, 0.050/h, and 51% for CSM; and 0.039/h, 0.081/h, and 34% for CM. This indicated that CSM protein was less degraded because of both a faster passage rate and slower degradation rate. Omasal flow of individual AA, branched-chain AA, essential AA, nonessential AA, and total AA all were lower in cows fed urea compared with one of the true protein supplements. Among the 3 diets supplemented with true protein, omasal flow of Arg was greatest on CSM, and omasal flow of His was greatest on CSM, intermediate on CM, and lowest on SSBM. Lower flows of AA and microbial nonammonia N explained lower yields of milk yield and milk components observed on the urea diet in the companion lactation trial. These results clearly showed that supplementation with true protein was necessary to obtain sufficient microbial protein and rumen-undegraded protein to meet the metabolizable AA requirements of high-producing dairy cows.     

Using compositional mixed-effects models to evaluate responses to amino acid supplementation in milk replacers for calves

The consequences of supplementing Lys, Met, and Thr in milk replacers (MR) for calves have been widely studied, but scarce information exists about potential roles of other AA (whether essential or not). The effects on growth performance of supplementation of 4 different AA combinations in a mixed ration (25.4% crude protein and 20.3% fat) based on skim milk powder and whey protein concentrate were evaluated in 76 Holstein male calves (3 ± 1.7 d old). The 4 MR were as follows: CTRL with no AA supplementation; PG, supplying additional 0.3% Pro and 0.1% Gly; FY, supplying additional 0.2% Phe and 0.2% Tyr; and KMT, providing additional 0.62% Lys, 0.22% Met, and 0.61% Thr. All calves were fed the same milk allowance program and were weaned at 56 d of study. Concentrate intake was limited to minimize interference of potential differences in solid feed intake among treatments. Animals were weighed weekly, intakes recorded daily, and blood samples obtained at 2, 5, and 7 wk of study to determine serum urea and plasma AA concentrations. Plasma AA concentrations were explored using compositional data analysis, and their isometric log-ratio transformations were used to analyze their potential influence on ADG and serum urea concentration using a linear mixed-effects model. We detected no differences in calf performance and feed intake. Plasma relative concentration of the AA supplemented in the KMT and PG treatments increased in their respective treatments, and, in PG calves, a slight increase in the proportion of plasma Gly, Glu, and branched-chain AA was also observed. The proportions of plasma branched-chain AA, His, and Gln increased, and those of Thr, Arg, Lys, and Glu decreased with calves' age. A specific log-contrast balance formed by Arg, Thr, and Lys was found to be the main driver for lowering serum urea concentrations and increasing calf growth. The use of compositional mixed-effects models identified a cluster formed by the combination of Arg, Thr, and Lys, as a potential AA to optimize calf growth.     

Relationships between postruminal casein infusion and milk production,and concentrations of plasma amino acids and blood urea in dairy cows: A multilevel mixed-effects meta-analysis

The relationships between postruminal casein infusion and production variables and concentrations of plasma AA and blood urea were evaluated using multilevel mixed-effects models derived from literature data collected in dairy cows. The data set contained 147 treatment means [i.e., 66 controls (CTL) and 81 casein-infused (CAS) means]. Each CAS mean was paired with its corresponding CTL mean to create 81 mean differences (CAS minus CTL), which were analyzed as absolute and percentage-based units (i.e., percentage increase or decrease in CAS relative to CTL). The primary variable of interest was the difference in estimated metabolizable protein (MP) supply (ΔMP) between CAS and CTL. The other explanatory variables were based on levels in CTL: MP supply, MP balance, the ratio of duodenal microbial protein (MCP) to MP supply (MCPMP), the stage of lactation (early or mid/late) and the type of forage (grass/legume- or corn silage-based). The MP supply and MP balance influenced negatively the relationship between ΔMP and the response of true protein yield. Responses of milk urea, blood urea, and plasma urea cycle AA concentrations were associated positively with ΔMP, indicating that a large amount of infused AA was catabolized to urea. Responses of plasma essential AA concentrations were related positively to ΔMP. The relative effect of ΔMP was highest for responses of plasma His concentration in cows fed grass/legume-based diets and at high MCPMP ratios. This relationship suggests that positive responses of plasma His concentrations are associated with diets relying heavily on microbial protein synthesis (high MCP), low in crude protein (low estimated MP supply), or both. The relationship between ΔMP and responses of plasma group 2 AA (Ile, Leu, Lys, and Val) concentrations was approximately 2 times greater than that for group 1 AA (His, Met, and Phe+Tyr) at mean MCPMP and MP supply. This could reflect the low hepatic removal group 2 AA compared with group 1 AA in dairy cows. Collectively, these results provide novel information on how dietary and cow conditions may alter responses to protein supplementation.     

Dietary starch level and rumen-protected methionine,lysine, and histidine: Effects on milk yield,nitrogen, and energy utilization in dairy cows fed diets low in metabolizable protein

Our objective was to investigate the interactions between starch level and rumen-protected Met, Lys, His (RP-MLH) on milk yield, plasma AA concentration, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows fed low metabolizable protein diets (mean = −119 g/d of metabolizable protein balance). Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows (138 ± 46 d in milk, 46 ± 6 kg/d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 21 d with 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Dietary starch level varied by replacing (dry matter basis) pelleted beet pulp and soyhulls with ground corn resulting in the following treatments: (1) 20% pelleted beet pulp and 10% soyhulls (reduced starch = RS), (2) RS plus RP-MLH (RS+AA), (3) 30% ground corn (high starch = HS), and (4) HS plus RP-MLH (HS+AA). Dietary starch concentrations averaged 12.3 and 34.4% for RS and HS basal diets, respectively. Diets were supplemented with RP-MLH products to supply digestible Met, Lys, and His. Compared with RS and RS+AA diets, HS and HS+AA diets increased yields of milk (37.9 vs. 40.1 kg/d) and milk protein (1.07 vs. 1.16 kg/d) and decreased dry matter intake (25.9 vs. 25.2 kg/d), milk urea N (12.6 vs. 11.0 mg/dL), and plasma urea N (13.3 vs. 11.6 mg/dL). Milk N efficiency was greater in cows fed the HS and HS+AA than RS and RS+AA diets (28.9 vs. 25%), and RP-MLH supplementation improved milk true protein concentration. Starch level × RP-MLH interactions were observed for plasma concentrations of Arg and Lys, with RP-MLH being more effective to increase plasma Arg (+16%) and Lys (+23%) when supplemented to the RS than the HS basal diet. Replacing pelleted beet pulp and soyhulls with ground corn lowered the plasma concentrations of all essential AA except Met and Thr. In addition, the plasma concentrations of His and Met increased with RP-MLH. The apparent total-tract digestibilities of neutral and acid detergent fiber were lower, and those of starch and ether extract greater in cows offered the HS and HS+AA diets than RS and RS+AA diets. Urinary excretion of urea N decreased by replacing pelleted beet pulp and soyhulls with ground corn. Enteric CH₄ production, CH₄ yield, and CH₄ intensity all decreased in the HS and HS+AA versus RS and RS+AA diets. Diets did not affect the intakes of gross energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy of lactation. In contrast, digestible energy intake increased with feeding the RS and RS+AA diets, whereas CH₄ energy decreased in cows fed the HS and HS+AA diets. Supplementation with RP-MLH had no effect on energy utilization variables. Overall, the lack of interactions between dietary starch level and RP-MLH supplementation on most variables measured herein showed that the effects of starch intake and RP-MLH were independent or additive.     

用豆制品废水发酵生产花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸

为探讨用豆制品废水生产花生四烯酸(AA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA),研究了不同培养时间、碳源浓度、氮源浓度和黄泔水稀释倍数对轮梗霉产这两种脂肪酸的影响.研究结果表明,有利于EPA高产的条件为:黄泔水稀释6倍、添加30g/L碳源、2g/L氮源、培养8 d.有利于AA高产的条件为:黄泔水稀释5倍、添加10g/L碳源、1g/L氮源、培养4 d.最大生物量获得条件和产脂肪酸最佳条件不一致.进一步优化条件,有希望通过豆制品废水获得低成本的EPA和AA产品.     

Nitrogen metabolism of early lactation cows fed diets with two different levels of protein and different amino acid profiles

Four multiparous Holstein cows (569+/-122 kg) surgically prepared with indwelling catheters in the mesenteric, portal, and hepatic veins and carotid artery were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) level and amino acid (AA) profile on N metabolism during early lactation (from 25 to 65 d in milk). Cows received their diets in two equal meals and were milked twice daily. The dietary treatments were: 18% CP with a high (18H) or a low (18L) quality AA profile, and 15% CP with a high (15H) or a low (15L) quality AA profile. The four diets were similar in net energy for lactation (1.75 NEL Mcal/kg) and contained the same amount of RUP (34% of CP). The quality of the AA profile pertained only to the essential AA (EAA), and was assessed by comparison with the EAA profile of casein and considered the potential contribution of EAA from ruminal bacteria. The 18H and 15H diets were supplemented with 50 and 25 g/d of ruminally protected Met, respectively. After 10 d on treatment, a blood flow marker (p-amino-hippurate) was infused into a mesenteric vein, and arterial, portal, hepatic, and mammary blood samples were obtained at 3, 6, and 12 h after feeding. Dry matter intake was similar across treatments (23.4+/-0.5 kg/d). Amino acid oxidation, and consequent urea production, in the liver were numerically greater with the 18% CP rations, and, as a result, arterial urea concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) with these rations. The amount of total AA extracted by the mammary gland tended to be greater with the H than with the L diets (21.4 vs. 18.2 mmol/ h, respectively). Milk yield tended to be greater (P = 0.16) with the 18H and 15H diets (47.7 and 46.3 kg/d, respectively) compared with the 18L and 15L diets (45.9 and 44.6 kg/d, respectively). Also, milk CP and casein contents were greatest (P = 0.09) with the H diets compared with the L diets. Milk and plasma urea N were greatest (P < 0.01) with the 18% CP diets. The efficiency of N utilization for milk protein synthesis was greatest (P < 0.09) with the 15% CP diets. It is concluded that milk protein production during early lactation is less susceptible to variations in dietary CP contents than variations in the AA profile of the dietary protein.     

Replacing ground corn with soyhulls plus palmitic acid in low metabolizable protein diets with or without rumen-protected amino acids: Effects on production and nutrient utilization in dairy cows

We previously observed that diets with reduced starch concentration decreased yields of milk and milk protein in dairy cows fed low metabolizable protein diets. Supplementation of reduced-starch diets with a lipid source may attenuate or eliminate production losses. Our objective was to investigate the effects of partially replacing ground corn with soyhulls plus a palmitic acid-enriched supplement on dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield and composition, plasma AA concentration, and N and energy utilization in cows fed low metabolizable protein diets (mean = −68 g/d balance) with or without rumen-protected Met, Lys, and His (RP-MLH). Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 112 ± 28 d in milk, 724 ± 44 kg of body weight, and 46 ± 5 kg/d of milk in the beginning of the study were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 21 d, consisting of 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Diets were fed as follows: (1) high starch (HS), (2) HS plus RP-MLH (HS+AA), (3) reduced starch plus a palmitic acid-enriched supplement (RSPA), and (4) RSPA plus RP-MLH (RSPA+AA). The HS diet contained (DM basis) 26% ground corn and 7% soyhulls, and the RSPA diet had 10% ground corn, 22% soyhulls, and 1.5% palmitic acid. The HS diet averaged (DM basis) 32.6% starch and 4% ether extract, while starch and ether extract concentrations of the RSPA diet were 21.7 and 5.9%, respectively. All 4 diets had (DM basis) 40% corn silage, 5% mixed-mostly grass haylage, 5% grass hay, and 50% concentrate. Diets did not affect DM intake and milk yield. Contrarily, feeding RSPA and RSPA+AA increased yields of energy-corrected milk (47.0 vs. 44.8 kg/d) and milk fat (1.65 vs. 1.50 kg/d) compared with HS and HS+AA. Milk fat concentration tended to decrease when RP-MLH was supplemented to HS, but no change was seen when added to RS (starch level × RP-MLH interaction). Milk and plasma urea N increased, and milk N efficiency decreased in cows fed RSPA and RSPA+AA versus HS and HS+AA. Apparent total-tract digestibilites of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, as well as urinary urea N and total N excretion, were greater in cows offered RSPA and RSPA+AA than HS and HS+AA. Plasma Met and His concentrations increased with supplemental RP-MLH. Intake of gross energy and digestible energy and the output of urinary and milk energy were all greater with feeding RSPA and RSPA+AA versus HS and HS+AA. In summary, partially replacing ground corn with soyhulls plus palmitic acid in diets supplemented or not with RP-MLH increased milk fat yield and fiber digestibility and maintained DM intake and milk yield, but with decreased milk N efficiency and elevated urinary N excretion.     

Rumen digestion kinetics,microbial yield,and omasal flows of nonmicrobial,bacterial, and protozoal amino acids in lactating dairy cattle fed fermentation by-products or urea as a soluble nitrogen source

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a fermentation by-product on rumen function, microbial yield, and composition and flows of nutrients from the rumen in high-producing lactating dairy cattle. Eight ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 60 ± 10 d in milk and 637 ± 38 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences in a switchback design. Treatment diets contained (dry matter basis) 44% corn silage, 13% alfalfa silage, 12% ground corn, and 31% protein premix, containing either a control mix of urea and wheat middlings (CON) or a commercial fermentation by-product meal (Fermenten, Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ) at 3% diet inclusion rate (EXP). The trial consisted of three 28-d experimental periods, where each period consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection. A triple-marker technique and double-labeled ¹⁵N¹⁵N-urea were used to were used to measure protozoal, bacterial, and nonmicrobial omasal flow of AA. Rumen pool sizes and omasal flows were used to determine digestion parameters, including fractional rates of carbohydrate digestion, microbial growth, and yield of microbial biomass per gram of degraded substrate. Fermentation by-product inclusion in EXP diets increased microbial N and amino acid N content in microbes relative to microbes from CON cows fed the urea control. Microbial AA profile did not differ between diets. Daily omasal flows of AA were increased in EXP cows as a result of decreased degradation of feed protein. The inclusion of the fermentation by-product increased nonmicrobial AA flow in cows fed EXP versus CON. Average protozoal contribution to microbial N flow was 16.8%, yet protozoa accounted for 21% of the microbial AA flow, with a range of 8 to 46% for individual AA. Cows in this study maintained an average rumen pool size of 320 g of microbial N, and bacterial and protozoal pools were estimated at 4 different theoretical levels of selective protozoa retention. Fractional growth rate of all microbes was estimated to be 0.069 h^?1, with a yield of 0.44 g of microbial biomass per gram of carbohydrate degraded. Results indicated that fermentation by-product can increase omasal flow of AA while maintaining adequate rumen N available for microbial growth and protein synthesis. Simulations from a developmental version of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System indicated strong agreement between predicted and observed values, with some areas key for improvement in AA flow and bacterial versus protozoal N partitioning.     

Evaluation of ruminally protected methionine and lysine or blood meal and fish meal as protein sources for lactating Holsteins.

Forty lactating Holstein cows averaging 55 days in milk were used in a randomized block designed experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of ruminally protected Met and Lys compared with that of ruminally undegradable protein for supporting lactation. Cows were fed total mixed diets for 15 wk. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous with the same base ingredients resulting in base crude protein percentage of 15.5. Supplemental crude protein supplied by urea, soybean meal, or a 50:50 (wt/wt) mixture of fish and blood meal increased total dietary nitrogen to 18.0% of diet DM. Two additional diets consisted of the basal diets soybean meal and urea, which were supplemented with ruminally protected DL-Met and Lys-HCL at 10 and 25 g/d, respectively (soybean meal + amino acids (AA), urea + AA). Mean measures of dry matter intake, milk yield, milk protein percentage, and milk fat percentage were not affected by protein supplement. Milk protein yield, milk fat yield, casein yield, and casein percentage also were not affected by source of supplemental protein. Results indicate that at the level of crude protein intake relative to milk production in this experiment, the source of protein did not affect lactational performance.     

Omasal flow of soluble proteins, peptides, and free amino acids in dairy cows fed diets supplemented with proteins of varying ruminal degradabilities

Three ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows were assigned to an incomplete 4 × 4 Latin square with four 14-d periods and were fed diets supplemented with urea, solvent soybean meal, xylose-treated soybean meal (XSBM), or corn gluten meal to study the effects of crude protein source on omasal canal flows of soluble AA. Soluble AA in omasal digesta were fractionated by ultrafiltration into soluble proteins greater than 10 kDa (10K), oligopeptides between 3 and 10 kDa (3-10K), peptides smaller than 3 kDa (small peptides), and free AA (FAA). Omasal flow of total soluble AA ranged from 254 to 377 g/d and accounted for 9.2 to 15.9% of total AA flow. Averaged across diets, flows of AA in 10K, 3-10K, small peptides, and FAA were 29, 217, 50, and 5 g/d, respectively, and accounted for 10.3, 71.0, 17.5, and 1.6% of the total soluble AA flow. Cows with diets supplemented with solvent soybean meal had higher flows of Met, Val, and total AA associated with small peptides than those whose diets were supplemented with XSBM, whereas supplementation with corn gluten meal resulted in higher total small peptide-AA flows than did XSBM. Averaged across diets, 27, 75, and 93% of soluble AA in 10K, 3-10K, and peptides plus FAA flowing out of the rumen were of dietary origin. On average, 10% of the total AA flow from the rumen was soluble AA from dietary origin, indicating a substantial escape of dietary soluble N from ruminal degradation. Omasal concentrations and flows of soluble small peptides isolated by ultrafiltration were substantially smaller than most published ruminal small peptide concentrations and outflows measured in acid-deproteinized supernatants of digesta.