高速铣削超高强度钢的切削力及表面粗糙度研究

选用涂层硬质合金刀具对300M超高强度钢进行高速铣削试验,通过单因素试验和多因素正交试验法,得出铣削参数(主轴转速、每齿进给量、铣削深度)对切削力及表面粗糙度的影响规律及主次关系。对正交试验结果做最小二乘法分析,建立切削力及表面粗糙度与铣削参数之间的经验模型;对经验模型的回归方程及系数做显著性检验,并对其进行参数优化,得出铣削参数的最优组合。结果表明:主轴转速和铣削深度对切削力的作用较大,而每齿进给量对其影响相对较弱;每齿进给量对表面粗糙度作用最强,铣削深度次之,主轴转速对其作用最弱。     

螺纹铣削切削力有限元分析及试验

为了研究螺纹铣削法加工钛合金螺纹时切削力随切削参数的变化规律,通过对材料本构关系、刀—屑接触及切屑分离准则进行分析,建立了能反映刀具自转、公转及轴向进给运动的三维螺纹铣削模型。利用该模型对每齿进给量和切削速度对切削力的影响进行分析,结果表明:切削力随每齿进给量的增大而增大,随切削速度增加而减小,且每齿进给量对切削力的影响较为显著。通过螺纹铣削试验对所建立的三维铣削模型进行验证,表明所建立模型的误差最大为14%,可满足实际加工需要。     

基于ABAQUS的钛合金铣削力的模拟分析

为了研究钛合金在铣削过程中切削力随着切削参数的变化规律,建立了三维斜角切削有限元模型。通过对材料本构模型,刀—屑接触摩擦模型和切屑分离准则等关键环节建模,采用通用有限元求解器ABAQUS/Ex-plicit对钛合金Ti6Al4V的斜角切削过程进行了模拟,获得了切削速度v、切削深度ap和每齿进给量fz对切削力的变化趋势及影响程度。模拟结果表明:切削力随着切削深度ap和每齿进给量fz的增大而增大,而随着切削速度增大切削力波动很小。切削深度对切削力的影响最大,进给量次之,切削速度对切削力的影响最小。该模型可以为切削参数的合理选择提供参考。     

Dynamic surface generation modeling of two-dimensional vibration-assisted micro-end-milling

An integrated model is proposed to simulate the surface generation in two-dimensional vibration-assisted micro-end-milling (2-D VAMEM). The model includes the developed submodels as dynamic cutting force model, machining system response model, and machined surface generation algorithm. The effects of feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness are investigated through simulations. It is found that the cutting force increases while the surface roughness decreases with the increment of the feed rate when the feed per tooth is smaller than the tool edge radius. The trials have been carried out to evaluate and validate the proposed model and the simulation results. The integrated model contributes to the comprehensive understanding of the process of machined surface generation in 2-D VAMEM and will assist the machining operators to select optimal machining parameters.     

Five-axis tool path and feed rate optimization based on the cutting force–area quotient potential field

Feed rate assignment in five-axis surface machining is constrained by many factors, among which a particularly critical one is the deflection cutting force on the tool: while a larger feed rate increases the machining productivity by shortening the total machining time, it nevertheless inevitably enlarges the deflection cutting force as well, which will cause the tool to be more prone to bending and the machine more prone to vibration, thus adversely degrading the surface finish quality. In this paper, we present a new five-axis tool path generation algorithm that strives to globally maximize feed rate for an arbitrary free-form surface while respecting a given deflection cutting force threshold. The crux of the algorithm is a new concept of the (cutting) force–area quotient function—at any cutter contact point on the surface, the maximal effective material removal rate (with respect to the deflection cutting force threshold) is a continuous function of the feed direction. This function induces a potential field on the surface and based on which an efficient tool path generation algorithm is designed. Preliminary experiments show that substantial reduction in total machining time can often be achieved by the proposed algorithm.     

An improved cutting force model for micro milling considering machining dynamics

Micro milling, as a versatile micro machining process, is kinematically similar to conventional milling; however, it is significantly different from conventional milling with respect to chip formation mechanisms and uncut chip thickness modelling, due to the comparable size of the edge radius to the chip thickness, and the small per-tooth feeding. Considering tool runout and dynamic displacement between the tool and the workpiece, the contour of the workpiece left by previous tool paths is typically in a wavy form, and the wavy surface provides a feedback mechanism to cutting force generation because the instantaneous uncut chip thickness changes with both the vibration during the current tool path and the surface left by the previous tool paths. In this study, a more accurate uncut chip thickness model was established including the precise trochoidal trajectory of the cutting edge, tool runout and dynamic modulation caused by the machine tool system vibration. The dynamic regenerative effect is taken into account by considering the influence of all the previous cutting trajectories using numerical iteration; thus, the multiple time delays (MTD) are considered in this model. It is found that transient separation of the tool-workpiece occurring at a low feed per tooth, caused by MTD and the existing cutting force models, is no longer applicable when transient tool-workpiece separation occurs. Based on the proposed uncut chip thickness model, an improved cutting force model of micro milling is developed by full consideration of the ploughing effect and elastic recovery of the workpiece material. The proposed cutting force model is verified by micro end milling experiments, and the results show that the proposed model is capable of producing more accurate cutting force prediction than other existing models, particularly at small feed per tooth.     

Cutter workpiece engagement region and surface topography prediction in five-axis ball-end milling

Based on the machining tool path and the true trajectory equation of the cutting edge relative to the workpiece, the engagement region between the cutter and workpiece is analyzed and a new model is developed for the numerical simulation of the machined surface topography in a multiaxis ball-end milling process. The influence of machining parameters such as the feed per tooth, the radial depth of cut, the angle orientation tool, the cutter runout, and the tool deflection upon the topography are taken into account in the model. Based on the cutter workpiece engagement, the cutting force model is established. The tool deflections are extracted and used in the surface topography model for simulation. The predicted force profiles were compared to the measured ones. A reasonable agreement between the experimental and the predicted results was found.     

Effects of Cutting Parameters on Tool Insert Wear in End Milling of Titanium Alloy Ti6A14V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4 V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4 V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4 V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.     

基于模糊分析方法的钛合金插铣加工切削参数优化

合理的切削参数有利于提高刀具的使用寿命和切削效率,因此,进行切削加工过程中的切削参数优化尤为重要。本文以提高钛合金插铣加工效率,减小加工过程中的切削力为目的,对钛合金TC4进行插铣试验。基于切削试验数据,选择切削速度、切削宽度和每齿进给量作为评价因子,以材料去除率与切削力作为评价指标,运用模糊分析方法对切削参数进行综合评价,得出切削参数对综合指标的影响程度从大到小依次为:切削速度、切削宽度和每齿进给量,并实现切削参数的优化,为实际生产加工提供参考依据。     

Effects of cutting parameters on tool insert wear in end milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.     

Effect of hardening on the machinability of C22 steel under drilling operations using twist HSS drill bit

For metallic or composite materials, the judicious choice of cutting conditions depends on several factors that may be of such objectives (time, cost of production, material removal rate, etc.) or constraints (cutting force, temperature in the machining area, consumed power, etc.). The quality of the results depends on the optimization method and the efficiency of the algorithm involved. In this paper, graphical and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods are proposed. They aim to determine the optimal cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed per tooth) in slotting of multidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminate (CFRP), referenced G803/914, with three knurled tools having different geometries. The experiences that led to the measures of roughness, temperature, cutting efforts, and consumed power are made in the same working conditions with cutting speed ranging from 80 to 200 m/min and feed per tooth from 0.008 to 0.060 mm/rev/tooth. The results illustrate that for the graphical method, the optimum cutting speed depends on the performance “maximum total removal rate” and is the same for all the studied knurled tools while optimum feed per tooth depends on the “roughness” performance: its value depends on the tool geometry. For the PSO technique, optimum cutting speed and feed per tooth values are variable and depend on the tool geometry.     

Surface roughness analysis of hardened steel after high-speed milling

The work refers to analysis of various factors affecting surface roughness after end milling of hardened steel in high-speed milling (HSM) conditions. Investigations of milling parameters (cutting speed v(c) , axial depth of cut a(p) ) and the process dynamics that influence machined surface roughness were presented, and a surface roughness model, including cutter displacements, was elaborated. The work also involved analysis of surface profile charts from the point of view of vibrations and cutting force components. The research showed that theoretic surface roughness resulting from the kinematic-geometric projection of cutting edge in the workpiece is significantly different from the reality. The dominant factor in the research was not feed per tooth f(z) (according to the theoretical model) but dynamical phenomena and feed per revolution f.     

微细铣削氧化锆陶瓷铣削力特征分析

针对硬态氧化锆陶瓷的微细精密加工问题,采用金刚石涂层微铣刀进行了微细铣削试验。介绍了微细铣削陶瓷材料时加工区的几何特征,分析了可能产生单齿铣削的原因。通过测力仪记录了铣削力信号,对特征力信号进行了描述和分析,研究了铣削参数以及刀具磨损对铣削力大小的影响。结果表明,微细铣削陶瓷材料时,由于每齿进给量非常小,故铣削过程易产生单齿铣削现象;铣削力轴向分量Fz的值最大,随着每齿进给量的增大,Fz呈明显上升趋势;随铣削路程的增加,刀具磨损加剧,铣削力也随之增大,受刀具磨损影响产生一定波动,特别是Fz,其增加幅度明显大于Fx和Fy的增加幅度。     

摆线轮轮廓高速周铣工艺系统的弹性铣削力预测方法

为了提高高速铣削过程中复杂薄壁结构件的加工精度,针对高速铣削摆线轮轮廓的工艺特点,建立摆线轮刚性轮缘和弹性轮缘的铣削力模型。该模型基于弯扭耦合弹性力学理论,建立薄壁轮缘的铣削变形模型;并结合周铣摆线轮轮廓时曲率沿路径连续变化的特点,基于工件—刀具的铣削变形,建立工艺几何模型;在此基础上推导出切削啮合角和瞬时切削厚度的表达式,采用改进的Newton-Raphson迭代算法,仿真出铣削摆线轮轮廓的铣削力。研究表明工件和刀具共同引起的径向综合变形是工艺系统变形的主要因素,并引起铣削力的变化;随着轮廓形状呈现周期性的变化,对应于摆线轮轮廓上的每齿进给量也呈现周期性的变化,使得铣削力呈现周期性变化。最后,经铣削试验验证,实测结果和仿真结果具有较好的一致性。     

GH4169插铣参数对切削力的影响规律研究

为了优化高温合金GH4169插铣加工过程中的切削参数,采用正交试验法进行高温合金GH4169的铣削试验。基于试验法建立了切削力与切削参数之间的经验公式,分析了各切削参数对切削力的影响规律。运用方差分析法检验了经验公式的显著性。结果表明:F_x、F_y、F_z都随着切削速度V_c、每齿进给量f_z、径向切深a_e的增大而增大;三个方向的切削力受径向切深a_e的影响最大,其次是切削速度V_c,每齿进给量f_z的影响最小,且Z方向切削力F_z大于X、Y方向切削力F_x、F_y。     

难加工材料高速切削过程中切削力的非线性特征规律析因研究

综合应用析因试验设计与拉丁超立方抽样试验设计,对难加工材料马氏体不锈钢进行了高速铣削试验。在分析其切削力的非线性特征规律基础上,建立了高速切削难加工材料工艺中切削力与背吃刀量、每齿进给量和切削速度之间的非线性数学模型。试验结果表明,高速切削难加工材料时,背吃刀量和每齿进给量之间的交互作用对切削力有显著影响;切削力与切削用量间确实存在非线性特征规律;切削用量对切削力的影响效应随切削用量的变化而发生改变。     

数控铣削加工参数的多参量智能优化

提出了一种通用和智能的确定数控铣床进给速度的办法。首先简化切削力模型,并给出一个加工参数数据库的例子。建立一种基于径向和轴向切削深度和进给速度为输入的模糊系统来预测切削力。然后确定零件的几何特征,计算几何特征的接触角度,并寻找它们最佳进给率。最后,给出应用此方法的一个切削例子,并对结果在CATIA CAD／CAM系统中进行了模拟以显示次方法的优点。     

大型圆环类工件高效锯切系统设计及负载研究

针对传统金属带锯床锯切大型圆环类工件存在的锯切效率低、精度差和能耗高的问题,研究设计了一种新型高效锯切系统。不同于传统锯架进给锯切方式,所设计的大型圆环类工件的锯切系统采用工件进给锯切方式。分析了该锯切系统的主要组成以及工作原理,特别对工件旋转装置进行了详细设计;基于西门子300系列PLC,设计了该锯床的电气控制系统;此外,基于经典锯切负载模型,通过对锯切过程中参与锯切齿数的分段计算,建立了该系统的锯切负载数学建模,并进行了Matlab仿真研究。研究结果表明:切削进给方式改变后,所设计的锯切系统不仅锯架体积较小,而且锯切效率、精度、能耗以及带锯条使用寿命等指标较传统带锯床都有大幅度提升。     

航空钛合金高效插铣加工实验与多目标优化研究

钛合金整体叶盘是航空发动机的重要零部件,结构复杂,加工难度大。插铣加工因其轴向承受能力强和刚性大等特性,非常适合加工钛合金整体叶盘这类难加工、结构复杂的零部件。针对钛合金插铣加工效率的问题,采用响应曲面法设计插铣实验,建立切削力经验模型,以切削力和材料去除率为目标,采用NSGA-II算法进行多目标优化获得Pareto最优解。研究表明:切削力随主轴转速的增加而缓慢减小,随切削宽度、切削步距和每齿进给量的上升而增加;与实验初始参数组合相比,优化后的材料去除率提高了81.19%,而切削力减小了23.68%,达到了本研究的高效加工目标。     

高速铣削铝合金时切削力和表面质量影响因素的试验研究

对高速铣削典型铝合金框架结构工件时的切削力和加工表面质量进行了试验研究。在高速进给铣削时 ,当进给方向发生改变 ,机床的加减速特性将导致在拐角处进给量减小、铣刀切入角增大 ,从而引起切削力增大和加工振动。在恒切削效率条件下高速铣削铝合金的试验结果表明 ,高速铣削时宜采用较小的轴向切深和较大的径向切深 ,以减小铣削力、提高加工表面质量 ;刀具动平衡偏心量是高速铣削时引起轴向振纹的主要原因