IN SITU TRUING/DRESSING OF DIAMOND WHEEL FOR PRECISION GRINDING

An application for achieving on-machine truing/dressing and monitoring of diamond wheel is dealt with in dry grinding. A dry electrical discharge （ED） assisted truing and dressing method is adopted in preparation of diamond grinding wheels. Effective and precise truing/dressing of a diamond wheel is carried out on a CNC curve grinding machine by utilizing an ED assisted diamond dresser. The dressed wheel is monitored online by a CCD vision system. It detects the topography changes of a wheel surface. The wear condition is evaluated by analyzing the edge deviation of a wheel image. The benefits of the proposed methods are confirmed by the grinding experiments. The designed truing/dressing device has high material removal rate, low dresser wear, and hence guarantees a desired wheel surface. Real-time monitoring of the wheel profile facilitates determining the optimum dressing amount, dressing interval, and the compensation error.     

电镀金刚石砂轮高效精密修整及熔融石英磨削试验研究

大尺寸光学玻璃元件主要采用细磨粒金刚石砂轮进行精密/超精密磨削加工,但存在砂轮修整频繁、工件表面面形精度难以保证、加工效率低等缺点。采用大磨粒金刚石砂轮进行加工则具有磨削比大、工件面形精度高等优点,然而高效精密的修整是其实现精密磨削的关键技术。采用Cr12钢对电镀金刚石砂轮(磨粒粒径151 μm)进行粗修整,借助修整区域聚集的热量加快金刚石的磨损,可使砂轮的回转误差快速降至10 μm以内。结合在线电解修锐技术,采用杯形金刚石修整滚轮对粗修整后的电镀砂轮进行精修整,砂轮的回转误差可达6 μm以内,轴向梯度误差由6 μm降至2.5 μm。通过对修整前后的金刚石砂轮表面磨损形貌成像及其拉曼光谱曲线分析了修整的机理。对应于不同的砂轮修整阶段进行熔融石英光学玻璃磨削试验,结果表明,砂轮回转误差较大时,工件材料表面以脆性断裂去除为主;随着砂轮回转误差和轴向梯度误差的减小,工件表面材料以塑性去除为主,磨削表面粗糙度为Ra19.6 nm,亚表层损伤深度低至2 μm。可见,经过精密修整的大磨粒电镀金刚石砂轮可以实现对光学玻璃的精密磨削。     

全陶瓷球轴承套圈沟道精密磨削用砂轮修整试验

为提高金刚石圆弧砂轮外缘轮廓精度,减少全陶瓷球轴承套圈沟形误差,采用金刚石碟片对树脂基金刚石圆弧砂轮进行修整;对比修整前后砂轮的表面形貌及套圈沟形误差,验证砂轮的修整效果.修整后砂轮表面出现光泽,露出表面的金刚石磨粒明显增多,部分金刚石磨粒破碎,形成新切削刃或脱落,增大容屑空间;修整前沟形误差的平均值为5.823μm,...     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整实验研究

为满足单层钎焊金刚石砂轮高效精密加工的性能要求,对磨粒有序排布单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整进行了实验研究。采用磨粒有序排布的钎焊金刚石修整工具对钎焊砂轮进行了修整,该修整方法通过修整工具粒度的变化以及修整速比的调整来控制砂轮形貌,从而使氧化锆的磨削表面粗糙度达到了精密加工的水平。对砂轮形貌进行了观测统计,数据表明,砂轮磨粒的等高性得到明显改善且避免了磨粒端部的严重钝化。     

Form error compensation in single-point inclined axis nanogrinding for small aspheric insert

Based on an examination of traditional arc-enveloped grinding method, a single-point inclined axis nanogrinding method is presented to grind an aspheric insert by compensating tool setting error, radius error, and residual form error. Profile data from on-machine measurement are used to obtain the tool setting error and radius error of grinding wheel, as well as the normal residual form error. Compensation method of single-point inclined axis nanogrinding is built up for generating new compensation path. Grinding test of aspheric tungsten carbide insert with diameter 9.5 mm is conducted to evaluate performances of the grinding mode and compensation method. A last form error of 200 nm in peak to valley and surface roughness of 2.243 nm in Ra are achieved. These results indicated that the form error compensation method and single-point inclined axis nanogrinding mode can significantly improve form accuracy and surface roughness of ground surface.     

Wear of diamond tools in the dressing of discrete grinding wheels

The wear of a diamond tool in the dressing of continuous and discrete grinding wheels is studied. Formulas are derived for the wear of the diamond grains and the dressing tool when applied to a wheel with a discrete cutting surface.     

树脂基圆弧金刚石砂轮的在位精密成形修整技术

针对球面、非球面及自由曲面超精密磨削加工用树脂基圆弧形金刚石砂轮难以精密修整的问题,提出基于旋转绿碳化硅(GC)磨棒的在位精密成形修整技术。在分析GC磨棒和圆弧砂轮几何关系的基础上,确定修整过程中圆弧插补轨迹的补偿方法及GC磨棒运动轨迹的设计方案。采用KEYENCE激光测微仪采集砂轮圆弧特征点,表征圆弧砂轮的修整状况。研究不同粒度的GC磨棒、进给深度和圆弧插补速度对圆弧金刚石砂轮修整率和修整精度的影响规律。研究结果表明,该修整方法可根据加工曲率半径要求实现不同圆弧半径砂轮的精密在位修整,修整后可自动消除砂轮垂直方向的位置偏差;采用400#和800#的GC磨棒对D3和D7砂轮均有较高的修整率(0.7~6.7);与400#和1500#的GC磨棒相比,800#GC磨棒更适合粒度为D3和D7圆弧金刚石砂轮的精密修整;相比圆弧插补速度,进给深度对砂轮的圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差影响更大,进给深度越小,圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差越小;修整后两种砂轮的圆弧半径误差均可控制在5%以内,D3砂轮的形状误差可控制在3μm/4 mm以内,D7金刚石砂轮可控制在6μm/4 mm以内,修整后比修整前形状误差提高14倍左右。     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的精密修整及效果评价

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮作为一种新型的磨削工具,具有磨粒固结强度高、磨粒出露大、容屑空间大等优点,比较适合高效率大切深的强力磨削,然而这种工具对高性能的脆性材料的精密磨削却比较困难。本文通过两种精密的修整工艺,使得加工表面质量大大提高。通过观察砂轮磨粒形态的变化可知,磨粒在修整过程中存在有磨损钝化、破碎、表面粘附等现象;通过对砂轮轮廓的激光测量可知,砂轮的磨粒等高性在修整过程中是明显改善的。通过修整磨粒粒径300μm的钎焊砂轮磨削氧化锆的表面粗糙度达到了Ra0.2μm。     

超硬磨料砂轮修整及点轮修整技术

与普通磨料砂轮相比,采用金刚石车削法修整超硬磨料砂轮,修整力大、工具磨损快、修整时间长、效率低、精度低及质量差,致使超硬磨料砂轮的优异性能得不到充分发挥,砂轮修整已经成为制约超硬磨料砂轮工程应用的主要瓶颈.在超硬磨料砂轮修整研究方面,科研成果众多,技术各有特点,然而工程应用有限.点轮修整是集金刚石车削修整、金刚石滚轮磨...     

石英玻璃的热辅助高效塑性域干磨削

为了提高大口径石英玻璃光学元件的加工效率,提出了热辅助塑性域超精密磨削石英玻璃的新方法。分析了石英玻璃的热辅助塑性域磨削机理,通过理论推导得出磨削深度对磨削区表面最高温升的影响规律。采用陶瓷结合剂立方氮化硼(CBN)砂轮对石英玻璃进行干磨削,利用磨削热改善磨削区石英玻璃的力学性能,实现了石英玻璃的高效塑性域磨削。通过磨削实验研究了不同磨削深度对石英玻璃表面粗糙度(Ra)和亚表面损伤深度的影响。实验结果表明,随着磨削深度的增加,Ra和亚表面损伤深度反而降低。当磨削深度为5μm,大于粗磨表面的裂纹深度时,获得了Ra值为0.07μm的光滑无裂纹的塑性域磨削表面。通过扫描电镜观察研究了砂轮的磨损机理,结果显示陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮塑性域干磨削石英玻璃时,砂轮以磨耗磨损为主,该结果为研究新型的陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮提供了依据。     

金刚石砂轮金属结合剂的气中单脉冲电火花放电去除机理

针对金属结合剂金刚石砂轮修锐困难的问题,提出采用气中电火花接触放电修锐的方法。为有效地实现微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,建立单脉冲电火花放电去除加工的试验系统,研究金属结合剂的气中和液中电火花放电去除机理。在试验研究中,主要分析无负荷电压和放电极性对脉冲放电电流、脉冲放电间隙、脉冲放电去除量、电极磨耗比等的影响。结果表明,正极性不易发生短路现象,而且气中的脉冲放电间隙小于液中的 ,适应于微细金刚石砂轮的修锐。此外,在气中放电中存在由绝缘破坏引起的火花放电向附有电弧柱的电弧放电转变的临界无负荷电压,且电火花放电的去除量可以明显小于电弧放电的去除量,但是当无负荷电压小于某一定值时电极消耗比会快速增加。修锐的试验结果显示,利用气中单脉冲电火花放电去除加工条件可以实现金属结合剂微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,产生较好的砂轮出刃形貌,改善磨削表面质量。     

A novel technique for dressing metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel with abrasive waterjet and touch truing

The dressing of metal-bonded diamond grinding wheels is difficult despite their availabilities on hard and brittle materials. In this paper, a novel compound technology that combines abrasive waterjet (AWJ) and touch truing is proposed for dressing metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel precisely and efficiently. The dressing experiments of a coarse-grained and a fine-grained bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheel were carried out on a surface grinder with a developed AWJ system. The feasibility of this method was verified by analyzing the wheel runout, the truing forces, and the wheel surface topography. The variations of 3D surface roughness of wheel surface topography during the compound dressing process were quantitatively analyzed. The mechanism of AWJ and touch compound dressing is also discussed. Further, a reaction-bonded silicon carbide block was ground to validate the dressing quality. The experiment results indicate that the grinding wheels that were well dressed by the proposed technique leads to a smaller grinding force and a smaller surface roughness than that of undressed wheels.     

多线砂轮复合自动修磨装置的设计与精度检验

多线砂轮复合自动修磨装置采用CNC数控系统,利用两个独立金刚石滚轮休整器,实现单支和多支砂轮的高精度修磨,极大地降低了人工操作带来的加工误差,提高了产品加工精度和效率。通过表面粗糙度检测数据可知,具有多线砂轮复合自动修磨装置的数控丝锥螺纹磨床完全符合加工精度要求。同时,采用多元回归方程建立基于砂轮修整参数的表面粗糙度预测模型,并设计单因素试验,得到砂轮修整参数与表面粗糙度之间的关系。由显著性分析结果得出,径向修整进给量是影响表面粗糙度的主要因素。     

复合电加工修整金刚石砂轮的研究

复合电加工修整金刚石砂轮技术,其方法简单实用,不仅能够修整金属结合剂的砂轮,也能修整树脂结合剂的砂轮。详细介绍了复合修整机理及修整效果。     

Crack generation and the effect of in-process electro-discharge dressing in grinding single crystal MgO

Single crystal MgO is widely used in material with high temperature resistance, but is difficult to grind because of brittleness and crack generation. Therefore, a diamond wheel with superabrasive surface is required for surface grinding of this material. But the conventional dressing method cannot be applied to the diamond wheel with superabrasive. This study describes a newly proposed method for carrying out effective in-process electro-discharge dressing (IEDD) of a diamond wheel with superabrasive. Using IEDD, the surface roughness of single crystal MgO was improved, the grinding force was very low and crack generation was reduced. IEDD is a good method to obtain efficient grinding and surface grinding of single crystal MgO.     

Precision Grinding of Mn-Zn Ferrite with In-Process Electro-Discharge Dressing

Ferrite is widely used as a material for magnetic heads for hard disks, but it is difficult to grind because its high hardness and brittleness. Therefore, a superabrasive diamond wheel is used for precision surface grinding of this material. However, the conventional dressing method cannot be applied to a superabrasive diamond wheel. This study describes a new method for carrying out effective in-process electro-discharge dressing (IEDD) of a superabrasive diamond wheel. Using IEDD, the surface roughness of the Mn-Zn ferrite was improved, and the grinding force was reduced. IEDD is a good method for obtaining efficient surface grinding of ferrite.     

A novel method for grooving and re-grooving aluminum oxide grinding wheels

In this paper, a new grinding wheel grooving system is proposed that is able to both groove as well as re-groove a grinding wheel using a single-point diamond dressing tool. The re-grooving capability of the new system is achieved by synchronizing the grinding wheel angular position with the dressing tool translational position. This position synchronization enables the diamond dressing tip to repeatedly engage the grinding wheel at the same angular position around the wheel and then proceed to trace the existing groove pattern along the wheel surface to, for example, refresh a worn groove geometry. Furthermore, the proposed system can be mounted on either a non-CNC or a CNC conventional grinding machine and can groove and re-groove the grinding wheel without the need to remove it from the grinding wheel spindle. The novel wheel grooving system was experimentally validated by creating helically shaped circumferential grooves on the grinding wheel surface. The resulting maximum differences in groove width and depth were found to be 0.015 and 0.013 mm, respectively, for ten consecutively cut grooves. These small discrepancies are believed to be primarily due to the brittle fracture mechanism of the abrasive grits. Furthermore, the new wheel grooving system was shown to be able to create a wide range of different groove patterns on the wheel surface. A wear study was then carried out to compare the performance of both grooved and non-grooved grinding wheels. For the conditions used in this research, the results of this wear study showed that a grooved wheel not only exhibits less wear than a non-grooved wheel but also can remove approximately twice as much workpiece material before failure occurs.     

激光与电火花复合修整粗粒度弧形金刚石砂轮试验研究

因受到激光高斯光束特性的影响,辐照在砂轮表面上的光斑大小和激光能量都跟随修整路径变化,难以实现高精度的弧形金刚石砂轮的修整,为此,提出采用激光粗修整和电火花精修整的复合修整方法。先用激光修整高效去除多余磨料层来得到弧形轮廓,再用一高精度弧形电极匹配该轮廓进行电火花修整,得到较高精度的弧形砂轮。在粒度为120的金刚石砂轮上试验修整半径为13 mm的弧形轮廓,最终修整出的弧形轮廓半径为13.006 mm,轮廓误差PV值为10.90 μm。最后,通过磨削氧化铝陶瓷验证了砂轮修整效果。检测磨削工件的弧形轮廓拟合半径为13.012 mm,轮廓误差PV值为11.33 μm。     

垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器设计与砂轮修整

针对圆弧形超硬砂轮修整难度大、修整精度低的问题，对树脂结合剂圆弧形金刚石砂轮进行了精密修整研究。设计制造了一种垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器，通过修整试验研究了不同粒度的圆弧形砂轮在修整前后表面粗糙度、弧形精度、圆度、表面形貌的变化情况。砂轮修整前后对氮化硅陶瓷轴承套圈沟道进行了磨削，并测量了磨削后的轴承套圈沟形精度。研究结果表明：相比修整前，修整后砂轮表面粗糙度平均值由1.731 8 μm减小至0.772 4 μm，减小了55.4%；弧形精度平均值由33.604 7 μm减小至8.527 6 μm，减小了74.6%，修整后4个砂轮的弧形精度更加稳定，且随着砂轮粒度的减小，弧形精度略有减小趋势；砂轮圆度平均值由43.721 μm减小至18.002 μm，减小了58.8%，修整使大量新的磨粒露出。所设计的垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧形修整器可对圆弧砂轮进行精密修整，可改善圆弧形砂轮的弧形精度及圆度，修整后砂轮磨削的轴承套圈沟形精度得到了大幅提高。     

Investigation of internal ultrasonically assisted grinding of small holes: effect of ultrasonic vibration in truing and dressing of small CBN grinding wheel

In internal grinding of small holes, it is hard to realize high accuracy truing and dressing for the grinding wheel when a conventional truing/dressing method using single diamond dresser or rotary cup wheel is employed. Because of the cantilever support condition of the spindle shaft the stiffness of shaft is reduced. Thus the truing force leads the shaft to a significant deformation during truing/dressing. In this study, for improving the truing and dressing accuracy, a new truing/dressing method was proposed, in which the grinding wheel is ultrasonically vibrated along its axis during truing/dressing with a GC rotary cup wheel. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of the wheel ultrasonication on the truing force reduction, the truing accuracy improvement and the wheel surface condition. In addition, the grinding force and work surface roughness experimentally obtained by using the wheels trued with or without ultrasonication were compared. The experimental results indicated that applying ultrasonic vibration to the wheel decreases the normal and tangential grinding forces by more than 20% and 24%, respectively, and the surface roughness by as much as 18%.