大型空间望远镜次镜调整机构精度分析与测试

为满足大口径离轴三反空间望远镜在轨成像质量需求,设计了一种基于6-PSS并联机构的次镜调整机构,并针对其精度进行了分析与实测。首先,分析了次镜调整机构的组成和光学系统对它的精度需求。随后,以逆运动学分析为基础建立了次镜调整机构的误差模型,并对结构参数、动平台位置、动平台姿态对整机精度的影响进行了理论分析,根据分析结果结合实际空间包络及重量等约束确定结构参数,并采用Monte Carlo模型分析了该结构参数下的次镜调整机构的随机误差和系统误差。最后,搭建了精度测试系统,对次镜六维调整机构的主要技术指标进行了实测。测试结果显示,次镜六维调整机构的位移分辨率优于0.1μm,角度分辨率优于0.5″,双向重复定位精度达到亚微米/亚角秒量级(±0.4μm/±0.3″),其绝对定位精度可以达到微米/角秒量级,满足大型空间望远镜在轨成像要求。     

65米射电望远镜天线副面调整机构系统精度分析

对上海65m射电望远镜天线副反射面调整机构进行了精度分析,确定了副面调整机构的主要误差参数,建立了误差参数的数学模型,运用蒙特卡洛法得到了全姿态工作空间下的末端位置和姿态的综合误差,证明了所设计的调整机构精度能够满足设计要求,分析结果为副面调整机构的运动学标定奠定了一定的基础,为所设计机构在实际工作中达到系统所要求的运动精度提供了重要设计保障。研究内容对并联机构在实际工程中的应用实践具有重要的指导意义。     

高精度亚像素显示技术动态天体模拟器

为了解决常规姿态敏感器非在轨标定设备实测结果与设计精度存在偏差、且缺乏模拟目标天体特征功能的实际问题,本文提出一种利用多棱镜结合的LCOS光学拼接方式与亚像素显示技术相结合的高精度动态天体模拟器设计方法,实现对星点位置以及目标天体特征的精确模拟。详细论述了传统LCOS拼接形式两片光阀对比度低的原因,提出了基于两片PBS和两片半反半透镜的拼接架构改进方案;设计了小畸变、复消色差的高成像质量准直光学系统。重点阐述了亚像素显示技术的思想及方法,利用亚像素技术分别对动态星图和目标天体进行仿真并进行了实验测试。结果表明:模拟器的两片LCOS显示对比度相同,动态星图的星间角距误差小于±6″、星等模拟范围达到连续8个等级、星等模拟精度优于±0.3mV;可以提供目标天体特征模拟图片。高精度亚像素显示技术动态天体模拟器消除了LCOS显示对比度差异,达到了姿态敏感器识别特征点的准确性要求,基本可以满足敏感器非在轨精度标定与功能测试的要求。     

高精度星敏感器天文标定方法及观测分析

提出了一种利用天顶观测来进行星敏感器标定的新方法.将地球当作均匀转动的转台,由一较精确的时钟代替刻度盘,用相对地球静止的星敏感器对天顶邻域进行观测.把星点作为目标,让其匀速扫过视场,建立星点坐标和对应恒星像点坐标的数学模型,求出位置传递函数.此方法简单、方便,标定精度高.通过实际星空观测,对连续拍摄的2037幅星图进行标定计算,每幅星图的积分时间为80 ms.实际观测星在α与δ方向上的标定误差分别为7.267 2″和6.922 0″,系统总的标定误差为10.036 2″.利用标定结果对连续拍摄的星图进行识别,得到星敏感器光轴指向误差为4.846 2″,标定结果比较理想.     

单目三点位置测量精度分析

通过理论推导,对影响三点单目视觉位置姿态测量系统的6个因素(标志器与相机的相对距离,标志器尺寸,相机量化误差,相机内参数标定误差,特征点的中心提取精度,姿态解算算法精度)以及这些因素对系统精度的影响程度进行了分析,然后通过数值仿真和成像试验验证了理论推导的正确性。实验结果表明,对测量精度影响最大的因素是测量距离,像平面方向的测量误差与靶标和相机的相对距离成正比,光轴方向的测量误差与相对距离的平方成正比;图像中提取的特征点的位置误差是测量系统误差的主要来源,位置误差包括特征点提取误差和由于镜头畸变等引起的特征点成像位置偏移;长焦距和小像元有助于减小相机的量化误差;焦距的标定误差和靶标尺寸主要影响光轴方向的距离测量精度,对其余两个方向的精度影响不大;测量系统的解算算法不是引入误差的主要因素。     

星点质心亚像元定位的高精度误差补偿法

在CCD星敏感器设计过程中,星点坐标的提取精度不仅影响星图识别的正确性,也直接影响星敏感器的最终姿态输出精度。本文通过分析传统质心法亚像元提取算法误差模型,证明该模型存在系统误差和随机误差。针对系统误差,提出了用最小二乘拟合法来估计质心位置和系统误差大小的对应关系,利用这个关系对系统误差进行补偿;针对随机误差,提出用边缘阈值法和星图整体相消法来消除。本文还分析了CCD成像数学模型,星光成像的能量分布近似服从二维高斯分布,星点高斯分布弥散半径不同,用于误差补偿的曲线方程也不一样,根据不同的高斯弥散半径,设计了误差补偿模板,用于补偿质心法的系统误差。实验表明,采用误差补偿模板,可以将质心法精度从1/20pixel提高到1/200pix-el,满足了星敏感器高精度星点质心提取的要求。     

高精度星敏感器标定方法研究

星敏感器是一种广泛应用在航天飞行器中的高精度姿态测量器件,精度标定是保证高精度测量的重要环节。为了尽量提高星敏感器的整体精度,对传统星敏感器标定方法进行了仿真分析,针对传统星敏感器标定方法模型参数难以解耦的弊端,提出单独标定主点,将星敏感器光学参数误差(如焦距、成像平面倾斜和畸变)等看作一个整体误差源,采用直接映射的方式进行标定。该方法简单方便、标定精度高,避免了传统方法中误差影响因素分析不全面及多次求取拟合近似值造成的累积误差。实验结果表明,该标定方法完全满足测量角误差2″的要求。     

大气临边观测中视轴临边指向精度的在轨补偿

为提高大气臭氧观测中的临边大气反演精度,克服臭氧探测仪在轨热变形和卫星姿态误差对临边指向精度的影响,建立了在轨视轴临边指向的精度补偿方法。通过分析低星等恒星的能量和观测时机,设计合适的恒星观测窗口和积分时间;采用平板玻璃获取星点像的弥散斑,用阈值距心法计算恒星像在像面上的位置;然后根据卫星轨道和探测仪的几何结构,设计临边指向精度的在轨补偿方法并分析了补偿后的临边指向精度。地面对星观测实验的结果表明:采用恒星定位补偿法,可使星点像的定位误差小于1.83″,当前视轴的指向误差控制在±3.08″以内;在编码器的位置重复精度为±2.47″的条件下,使临边观测光轴位置上的扫描镜定位误差控制在±3.95″以内,臭氧探测仪临边指向精度达到±7.9″以上,完全满足反演所需的指向精度优于±12.4″的要求。     

工业机器人加工中的精度控制方法研究

利用软件编程的方法提高工业机器人的加工精度,首先,利用力传感器对工业机器人、夹具、加工机床进行标定,求取它们之间的位置和姿态误差;其次,利用标定时求取的位置与姿态误差,调整软件中夹具、加工机床模型位置与姿态,使实际空间中的工业机器人、夹具和加工机床的位置、姿态与软件空间中的工业机器人、夹具和加工机床模型的位置、姿态关系一致;最后,将软件空间编制的工业机器人加工程序映射到实际机器人空间。实验结果表明,利用标定后的软件编程,其加工的位置精度可以达到0.2 mm,姿态精度可以达到0.1度。     

船载高精度星敏感器安装角的标定

星敏感器测量船体姿态精度与星敏感器与甲板之间的安装角标定精度密切相关。本文介绍了船载星敏感器的相关坐标系及安装角的定义,建立了船载星敏感器蒙气差修正模型,提出了一种船载高精度星敏感器安装角标定方法。船进坞坐墩时,船载经纬仪通过拍摄方位标确定航向,星敏感器通过星图识别获得视场内星点的赤经、赤纬,构成地心惯性系参考矢量,经岁差、章动、极移、船位等修正,得到各恒星在惯导地平系下的参考矢量。然后,根据蒙气差模型对星点逐个修正俯仰角,重构惯导地平系下的参考矢量。最后,依据姿态确定算法原理,解算星敏感器安装矩阵,求解安装角。实验表明,使用该方法可使方位角、俯仰角的标定精度达10"以内。该方法有效发挥了星敏感器指向精度高的优点,改善了程序自动化程度,提高了船体姿态测量精度。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

RLS and LMS blind adaptive multi-user detection method and comparison in acoustic communication

RLS and LMS blind adaptive multi-user detection algorithm and multi-user detector was proposed to solve the problem of multi-user signal detection problem encountered in underwater acoustic communication networks.In simulation analysis,RLS and the LMS blind adaptive multi-user detector were designed and tested for synchronous and asynchronous multi-user communication process.The results of SIR comparison and MMSE comparison show that,both of the two methods can realize blind adaptive detection when any user change in multi-user communication,during this process,the training communication sequences are not needed.The RLS algorithm has about 5 dB higher in SIR compared with LMS algorithm,and the convergence velocity of RLS algorithm is also higher than LMS algorithm when the communication users change.RLS algorithm has better ability in multi-user detection than that of LMS algorithm,and it has great attraction and guiding significance for solving the problem of multiple access interference(MAI) in multi-user communication.     

Robust Impedance Control of Robots Using an Adaptive Interaction Force Observer

For robot interaction control,the interaction force between the robot and the manipulated object or environment should be monitored.Impedance control is a type ...     

Research on key techniques of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system

This paper analysis the developing of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system(XCTD)and introduce its principle of measuring about temperature,salinity and depth of ocean.Some key techniques are put forward.According to the real needs of XCTD,conductivity sensor with high sensitivity is designed by principle of electromagnetic induce,the ocean conductivity from induced electromotive force has been calculated.Adding temperature correction circuit would help to reduce error of conductivity measurement because of sharply changing temperature.Advanced temperature measuring circuit of high precision and the constant current source is used to weaken effect of self-heating of resistance and fluctuation of the source.On respect of remote data transmission,LVDS is a good choice for the purpose of guarantee the quality of data transmitted and the transmission distance is reaching to thousand meters in the seawater.Modular programming method is also brought into this research aimed at improve the stability,reliability and maintainability of the whole measuring system.In February,2015,the trials in South China Sea demonstrate that the developed XCTD realize effective measurement at a speed of 6 knots and detection depth at 800 m.The consistency coefficient of the acquired data is greater than 0.99 and the success rate of probe launching is above 90%.     

CHARACTERISTCS OF FLUID FILM IN OPTIMIZED SPIRAL GROOVE MECHANICAL SEAL

In order to investigate the sealing performance variation resulted from the thermal deformation of the end faces, the equations to calculate the fluid film pressure distribution, the bearing force and the leakage rate are derived, for the fluid film both in parallel gap and in wedgy gap. The geometrical parameters of the sealing members are optimized by means of heat transfer analysis and complex method. The analysis results indicate that the shallow spiral grooves can generate hydrodynamic pressure while the rotating ring rotates and the bearing force of the fluid film in spiral groove end faces is much larger than that in the flat end faces. The deformation increases the bearing force of the fluid film in flat end faces, but it decreases the hydrodynamic pressure of the fluid film in spiral groove end faces. The gap dimensions which determine the characteristics of the fluid film is obtained by coupling analysis of the frictional heat and the thermal deformation in consideration of the equilibrium condition of the bearing force and the closing force. For different gap dimensions, the relationship between the closing force and the leakage rate is also investigated, based on which the leakage rate can be controlled by adjusting the closing force.