地铁先锋扣件和普通扣件整体道床轮轨动力特性对比研究

针对地铁普通扣件和先锋扣件不同的结构和支撑特性,分别建立两种扣件系统的动力学模型,基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,对比分析了两种扣件系统的轮轨动力特性及其差异。结果表明:相比于普通扣件,先锋扣件由于具有较低的垂向刚度,钢轨垂直位移较大;同时,安装于轨腰的橡胶支撑作用区离钢轨质心较近,形成的扭转刚度和阻尼较小,钢轨扭转位移较大。通过钢轨焊接接头不平顺时,与普通扣件轨道相比,先锋扣件轨道轮轨垂向力波动衰减要快,先锋扣件轨道钢轨在低频15～30Hz处振动略有增加,但在40～70 Hz范围大幅衰减,这有利于车辆轨道系统的减振。     

地铁浮轨式减振扣件轨道的轮轨接触有限元分析

为了探究浮轨式减振扣件轨道存在的短波长钢轨波磨问题,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立三维轮轨静态接触的数值模型,探讨轨道扣件系统垂向刚度和支撑方式对轮轨接触时接触斑、接触压力和钢轨位移等接触参数的影响。结果表明:轨下结构(扣件实体、轨道板等)对浮轨式减振扣件轨道的轮轨静态接触参数影响很小;采用轨腰支撑的浮轨式减振扣件的最大接触压力大于DTVI2型扣件,接触面积小于DTVI2型扣件;浮轨式减振扣件轨道钢轨垂向位移为与DTVI2型扣件的5倍左右,横向位移比DTVI2型扣件轨道小5.2%～13.2%,钢轨翻转角比DTVI2型扣件大146.3%～206.1%;浮轨式减振扣件的垂向刚度对轮轨接触压力分布、接触面积、钢轨横向位移及钢轨翻转角基本没有影响,而对钢轨垂向位移影响较大,垂向刚度越大钢轨垂向位移越小。浮轨式减振扣件较大的钢轨垂向位移及翻转角,降低了轮轨接触的稳定性,易导致波动的轮轨力,萌生钢轨波磨现象,因而需改进该类型扣件的设计,以降低钢轨翻转角。     

考虑气动载荷条件下的高速滑轨结构参数对撬轨动力响应的影响分析

火箭橇在亚音速、跨音速、超音速条件运行时引起的动力学问题是高速滑轨设计制造重点考虑的问题。结合某撬轨系统,建立气动作用下撬轨动力分析有限元模型,研究钢轨、轨道梁和扣件参数对撬轨动力响应影响关系,探讨高速滑轨结构参数取值原则。研究表明:在400 m/s速度下滑撬垂向加速度约为1g(g=9.8 m/s2);钢轨刚度的改变对系统动力响应影响比较大;目前设计所采用的轨道结构刚度较为合理,扣件刚度在满足1 200 kN/mm～2 000 kN/mm范围条件下可适当优化。     

地铁线路钢轨焊接区轮轨动力学问题

基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,建立了地铁车辆-整体道床轨道垂向耦合模型,以实际测量得到的地铁线路钢轨焊接接头不平顺作为轮轨界面不平顺激扰输入,分析了接头不平顺引起的轮轨动力响应特征,以及行车速度、不平顺波长、不平顺波深、轨下胶垫刚度以及轨道结构形式等对焊接接头不平顺激扰下轮轨动力响应的影响。分析结果表明,不平顺波长的减小以及不平顺波深的增大会恶化焊接区轮轨动力响应,轨道结构弹性的提高有助于改善车辆-轨道耦合系统动力学性能。     

山地地铁小半径曲线路段车辆/轨道参数对钢轨波磨的影响

针对山地地铁小半径曲线轨道钢轨波磨频发问题,根据现场调研建立车辆-轨道系统的动力学模型,探究车辆通过小半径曲线时轮轨间的接触特性。根据动力学分析结果建立半车车体-转向架-轨道系统的有限元模型,采用复特征值分析法研究半车车体-转向架-轨道系统摩擦自激振动特性,并研究车辆悬挂参数和轨道扣件参数对整体系统摩擦自激振动的影响规律。采用神经网络结合遗传算法对影响整体系统摩擦自激振动的关键参数进行多参数拟合,并求得车辆/轨道结构关键参数的优化解。结果表明：小半径曲线路段轮轨间的饱和蠕滑力导致半车车体-转向架-轨道系统的摩擦自激振动,从而引起钢轨波磨;车辆结构参数中一系悬挂横向刚度以及轨道结构参数中扣件垂向刚度、扣件横向刚度、扣件垂向阻尼对整个系统的摩擦自激振动具有明显影响。设置一系悬挂横向刚度为5.34 MN/m,扣件垂向刚度为25.45 MN/m,扣件横向刚度为6.9 MN/m,扣件垂向阻尼为6.06 kN·s/m时,能够有效抑制山地地铁小半径曲线轨道上钢轨波磨的产生。     

地铁线路先锋扣件结构参数对轮轨摩擦自激振动的影响

基于轮轨摩擦自激振动诱发钢轨波磨的观点,研究地铁线路先锋扣件支撑小半径曲线轨道扣件结构参数对轮轨摩擦自激振动的影响。根据现场调研建立车辆-轨道的多体动力学模型,验证列车通过地铁线路先锋扣件支撑小半径曲线轨道时轮轨间的蠕滑力饱和情况;基于动力学模型建立相应的导向轮对-钢轨有限元模型,利用复特征值法分析轮轨系统的摩擦自激振动特性。预测得到的轮轨系统不稳定振动频率与诱导钢轨波磨的振动频率相符,验证了建立的导向轮对-钢轨有限元模型的正确性。利用控制变量法研究扣件结构参数对轮轨系统摩擦自激振动的影响规律,发现轮轨摩擦自激振动发生的可能性随着扣件垂向刚度的增大而轻微增加,随着垂向阻尼的增大而明显降低;随着扣件横向刚度和横向阻尼的增大,轮轨摩擦自激振动发生的可能性降低。因此,增大先锋扣件垂向阻尼、横向刚度和横向阻尼,有助于抑制地铁线路先锋扣件支撑曲线轨道的波磨。     

科隆蛋扣件段钢轨波磨产生机理及发展特性

为研究地铁钢轨波磨的产生机理和发展特性,通过建立车辆-轨道空间耦合模型和钢轨波磨评价模型,从频域和时域的角度分析波磨产生机理,并运用波磨增长率对科隆蛋扣件轨道钢轨波磨的产生机理和发展特性进行研究。基于频域的分析,对轨道结构模型进行模态分析和频响分析,发现存在与实测波磨通过频率接近的轨道结构固有频率,说明该频率所对应的振型更容易被激发出来,促使轨道结构发生共振现象,形成相应频率的波磨。基于时域的分析,运用车辆-轨道耦合模型,计算钢轨垂向振动加速度、钢轨垂向位移的时程曲线并进行频域变换,发现存在与实测波磨通过频率接近的特征频率,说明轨道结构相应频率下的振动是促进波磨形成的重要原因。车速的改变对波磨增长率的特征频率没有影响,体现了波磨的固定频率特性。随着列车运行次数的增加,特征频率对应波长的波磨逐渐形成并不断发展;波磨的波长范围和发展速度随着列车速度的增加而逐渐增大。     

[轮轨磨耗及预测]地铁直线轨道钢轨波磨影响参数研究

基于车辆轨道耦合动力学模型和钢轨材料摩擦磨损计算模型,分析了不同轨道结构参数和车辆运营速度对地铁直线轨道钢轨波磨发生和发展的影响。结果发现,对于不同的变量参数,轮轨接触斑内摩擦功率随时间的变化都具有一定的波动性,且摩擦功率整体波动幅度较为均匀。同时,摩擦功率1/3倍频程图分析结果表明,摩擦功率的特征频率主要集中在中低频范围。在主要特征频率处,扣件纵向刚度、纵向阻尼、横向阻尼和垂向阻尼对钢轨波磨的影响较小,扣件横向刚度、垂向刚度、扣件间距、轮轨摩擦因数和车辆运行速度对钢轨波磨的影响较大。扣件垂向刚度和扣件间距的变化会导致摩擦功率的特征频率发生偏移,主要特征频率从80 Hz偏移至100 Hz,从而导致对应波长的钢轨波磨,说明扣件垂向刚度和扣件间距对特定频率处钢轨波磨的产生和发展具有重要的影响。其余变量的增大并未导致摩擦功率的特征频率发生改变,表明其余变量不影响钢轨波磨的特征频率。     

地铁直线轨道钢轨波磨影响参数研究

基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型和钢轨材料摩擦磨损计算模型,分析了不同轨道结构参数和车辆运营速度对地铁直线轨道钢轨波磨发生和发展的影响。结果发现,对于不同的变量参数,轮轨接触斑内摩擦功率随时间的变化都具有一定的波动性,且摩擦功率整体波动幅度较为均匀。同时,摩擦功率1/3倍频程图分析结果表明,摩擦功率的特征频率主要集中在中低频范围。在主要特征频率处,扣件纵向刚度、纵向阻尼、横向阻尼和垂向阻尼对钢轨波磨的影响较小,扣件横向刚度、垂向刚度、扣件间距、轮轨摩擦因数和车辆运行速度对钢轨波磨的影响较大。扣件垂向刚度和扣件间距的变化会导致摩擦功率的特征频率发生偏移,主要特征频率从80 Hz偏移至100 Hz,从而导致对应波长的钢轨波磨,说明扣件垂向刚度和扣件间距对特定频率处钢轨波磨的产生和发展具有重要的影响。其余变量的增大并未导致摩擦功率的特征频率发生改变,表明其余变量不影响钢轨波磨的特征频率。     

轮对-轨道系统波磨预测模型的建立及预测分析

基于摩擦自激振动导致钢轨波磨的理论,通过轨下垫板等效替代扣件系统,建立轮轴之间采用过盈配合的轮对-轨道系统的有限元预测模型,采用复特征值分析法预测轮轨系统的摩擦自激振动。通过对比所建模型和采用弹簧阻尼对模拟扣件的模型之间的差异,发现所建模型在预测效果上更接近现场测试结果。通过控制变量法研究摩擦因数、轨下垫片等效弹性模量对波磨预测结果的影响。仿真结果表明：摩擦因数在0.2～0.6范围内时,随着摩擦因数的增大波磨发生的可能性会增加;扣件垂向刚度在50～90 MN/m范围内时,随着扣件刚度的增大即轨下垫板等效弹性模量的增大,系统发生不稳定振动的可能性会降低。仿真预测与实验结果一致,进一步验证了模型的有效性。     

Abnormal Vertical Dynamic Performance of Subway Vehicles

A serious wheel out-of-round phenomenon exists in a certain subway vehicle in China. More seriously, the vertical vibration of car body of this subway vehicle will go beyond the restriction of the standard criterion when the wheel out-of-round exceeds 0.2 mm in radial direction. And the wheel out-of-round problem could not be solved by polishing the rail or re-profiling wheels. Aimed at this problem, a further analysis is conducted on the structure and the suspension systems of the subway vehicle. It is thought that the additional stiffness function of the traction bar, caused by the short length and the bigger connection stiffness of the traction bar, leads to the problem that the subway vehicle is sensitive to the vertical impact. By taking into account the stiffness of the traction bar, dynamic simulation models of the subway vehicle are set up to study the influence of the additional stiffness function of the traction bar on the vertical dynamic performance of the subway vehicle through the simulation method. The response of the subway vehicle to vertical impact of a triangle pitch is also simulated. Simulation results indicate that the connection between the car body and the bogie will become rigid and the damping function of the secondary suspension will be decreased due to the additional stiffness of the traction bar in braking condition or running on curve track. Then the vertical response of the car body to vertical impact will be strengthened and the vertical ride index decreased. The vertical dynamic performance of the subway vehicle will be improved through the method of decreasing the connection stiffness of the traction bar, which has been validated by the simulation results. This method of improvement can effectively solve the problem of abnormal dynamic performance of this subway vehicle, and provide a foundation for a new theory about the traction bar system design.     

Dynamic interaction analysis of a LIM train and elevated bridge system

A three-dimensional dynamic interaction model is developed for a LIM (linear induction motor) train and elevated bridge system, which is composed of a LIM-driven vehicle submodel and a finite element bridge submodel. Each LIM vehicle is modeled by a 27 degrees-of-freedom dynamic system. The expressions for the electromagnetic force between the linear motor and the reaction plate are derived, and the force model is established. By applying a modal superposition technique to the bridge submodel and using the measured track irregularities as the self-excitations of the train-bridge system, the equations of motion are established for analyzing the dynamic responses of the LIM vehicle and the elevated bridge. The proposed framework is applied to a 3-span elevated bridge with 29.9 m simply-supported girders. The full histories of the LIM train traversing the bridge are simulated, from which the dynamic responses of the LIM vehicle and elevated bridge system are obtained. The proposed method may help to find a way to assess the dynamic properties of elevated bridges and the running safety of a LIM train with reasonable computational effort.     

Sensitivity analysis of track parameters on train-track dynamic interaction

Dynamic behavior of railway tracks when trains are running is influenced by several factors, i.e. rolling stock, the components of superstructure and their specifications. Usually, features like the sleeper spacing, rail pad stiffness, ballast damping and stiffness have an effect on the dynamic response of the track. The best method to study the dynamic behavior of the track is to model the track assembly and the train as a whole and carry out an analysis of dynamic interaction. Such analysis makes the identification of the track’s dynamic behavior easer and helps to anticipate the deterioration of the track elements, and determines the effects of increase or decrease of mentioned parameters. This paper presents track-train dynamic interaction without considering irregularity of the rail face. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the selected model. The analysis was undertaken with the view of varying one of the mentioned parameters and the results were presented to further identify the deterioration of the track elements. The results indicate that reducing sleeper spacing, rail pad stiffness, ballast stiffness, and increasing ballast damping reduces wheel-rail, rail-sleeper, and sleeper - ballast contact forces.     

高速列车二系垂向悬挂系统设计解析表达式*

根据1/4车体4自由度垂向振动模型,利用随机振动理论及留数定理,建立轨道高低不平顺激励下的车辆垂向振动响应均方根值解析表达式;通过数值计算对解析表达式的正确性进行了验证,结果表明在一定有效数字范围内解析计算值与数值计算值完全吻合,表明所建立的解析表达式是正确的;通过整车仿真对比对解析计算方法的可靠性进行了验证,可知车体垂向振动加速度均方根值和二系悬挂垂向行程均方根值的解析计算值与整车仿真验证值的最大相对偏差分别仅为12.50%和15.47%,表明所建立的解析计算方法是可靠的。在此基础上,利用黄金分割原理,建立了二系垂向悬挂系统阻尼比优化设计方法,并通过实例对其可行性进行了分析,为高速列车二系垂向悬挂系统参数的初始设计提供了参考。     

地铁列车运行加减速度动态采集与特征分析

鉴于地铁列车运行具有快启快停、小曲线、大坡道等特点,研究其运行加减速度对分析列车参数及动力学特征有重要意义.介绍了基于无线方式的加减速度动态采集系统工作原理及构成,分析了采集系统的硬件及软件流程.通过实测地铁列车15个车站的运行案例,分析得到加减速度变化范围、交替频次、周期特点等相关特征,为列车运行参数及动力学参数优化调整提供参考.     

Dynamic analysis of train-bridge system and riding comfort of trains with rail irregularities

In this study, a modal superposition approach was adopted to derive the dynamic response of coupled vehicle and bridge systems. The train comprises a number of railway cars, each of which is modelled with ten degrees of freedom. The railway bridge was represented by a simply supported beam modelled as Euler-Bernoulli beam. In the numerical simulations, dynamic responses at the mid-span of the bridge and dynamic responses of the train under different train speeds are computed with random and non random rail irregularities. Effect of parameters like the depth and the position of the imperfection on the rail are taken into account. The coupled system of equations is integrated numerically by the newmark’s β method. The results obtained show that the rail irregularities affect the vertical acceleration of the train, which serves as a measure of the riding comfort of the trains moving over a bridge.     

高速列车滚动轴承支承松动系统动力学特性研究*

作为列车走行部的关键零部件,轴箱滚动轴承支承松动故障会直接影响到车辆的运行平稳性。针对高速列车滚动轴承内圈与轴颈配合的松动问题,提出一种车体-构架-悬挂-滚动轴承-轮轨的垂向耦合动力学模型,并采用优化的四阶Runge-Kutta数值积分及试验方法,研究不同松动间隙、不同行驶速度下,高速列车滚动轴承支承松动系统的非线性动力学特性。结果表明：理论计算与试验结果较吻合,松动间隙的大小对未松动侧轴箱的振动响应影响不大,但对松动侧轴箱的振动响应有较大影响,且可使得系统的运动状态由近拟周期运动发展为混沌运动。列车低速行驶时松动侧轴箱振动幅值和振动速度均比高速行驶时更大,轴箱振动响应的低频成分只与行驶速度有关,不随松动间隙的改变而改变。     

Nonlinearity and non-stationarity analysis of dynamic response of vehicle–track coupling system enhanced by Huang transform

A method is proposed to analysis the nonlinearity and non-stationarity of dynamic response of high speed vehicle–track coupling system, to understand the properties of signal and its underlying physical meaning. First, a space coupling model of high speed vehicle–track system is built according to the theory of coupling dynamics of vehicle–track system. Then, the dynamic response of vehicle–track system is processed by Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to generate the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Next, the “Direct Quadrature” (DQ) method is used to calculate the local instantaneous frequency and instantaneous amplitude of the IMFs, the generalized zero-crossing method and the full wave zero-crossing method are applied to calculate the mean local frequency of the IMFs. Finally, the index and degree of nonlinearity and non-stationarity based on intra-wave frequency modulation (the deviation of the instantaneous frequency from the generalized zero-crossing frequency) and inter-wave frequency modulation (the deviation of the instantaneous frequency from the full wave zero-crossing frequency), are defined to quantify the nonlinearity and non-stationarity of dynamic response. The usefulness and capability of the proposed method are displayed through two cases, which are considered general enough to be the representatives of nonlinear and non-stationary dynamic response of vehicle–track coupling system.     

机车车辆动力性能的动态模拟

对实物试验、计算机仿真和混合模拟为基本形式的动态模拟技术进行分析,并列举各种动态模拟技术在铁路机车车辆研制过程中的应用。提出用滚轮代替钢轨,利用滚轮的上下和左右运动模拟轨道不平顺,采用滚轮差速模拟曲线,从而实现机车车辆运行的动态模拟。根据轨道不平顺的定义,给出线路状态和试验台滚轮的关系,给出机车车辆运行动态模拟试验台的设计方案。对西南交通大学牵引动力国家重点实验室的机车车辆整车滚动振动试验台的结构和功能进行系统介绍。根据机车车辆动力学性能——运动稳定性、运行平稳性和曲线通过性能的台架试验方法,通过台架试验和线路运行的理论分析,得到相应的试验误差,验证了机车车辆台架试验的可行性和合理性。     

强风雨环境下高速列车运行安全特性

为确保高速列车在强风雨环境下安全运行,结合EULER-LAGRANGE方法和计算多体动力学方法,系统地研究风雨环境下高速列车的气动特性及运行安全特性。基于非球形雨滴,建立高速列车空气动力学计算模型,并验证计算模型的准确性,进而计算强风雨环境下作用于高速列车的气动载荷。建立高速列车车辆系统动力学模型,计算强风雨载荷作用下的高速列车运行安全特性。研究结果表明,在不同风速下,高速列车的侧力、升力、侧滚力矩及摇头力矩均随降雨强度的增加而增大,且与降雨强度近似成线性关系,对于点头力矩,当风速较小时,点头力矩随降雨强度的增加而增大,而当风速较大时,点头力矩随降雨强度的增加而减小。与单纯的强风环境相比,降雨使得高速列车的运行安全特性进一步恶化,在不同风速下,高速列车脱轨系数、轮重减载率、倾覆系数及轮轴横向力均随降雨强度的增加而增大,特别是当风速接近于临界风速时,降雨对高速列车运行安全特性的影响显著。当降雨强度为500 mm/h时,由不同运行安全指标确定的高速列车安全运行的临界风速降低2.3~4.2 m/s。研究结果可为高速列车在风雨环境下的安全限速提供参考。