Gas transfer through wine closures: A critical review

BackgroundGas transfer, and especially oxygen, through wine closures has been studied since the 90's. It started with the problem of premature oxidation in wine. To that purpose, different techniques, issued from food packaging and wine analysis, have been developed to measure gas permeation through wine stoppers.Scope and approachThe objectives of this review is, first, to briefly remind the basic knowledge of gas transfer through materials and applied to wine stoppers. Then, after a short survey about the techniques of measurement, a compilation of all currently available permeation data has been done using the international system of units (when conversion was possible). This finally allowed to establish a critical appraisal between the different methods and closures.Key findings and conclusionsAlthough relying on different principles, with different accuracy (and respective pros and cons), all methods are well suited to investigate gas transfer through closures. The manometric method appears as the most versatile one, allowing to study all gases with various sample geometry. Whatever the method used, it appears that the technical stoppers are the lowest permeable ones to gas transfer, followed by screwcaps, natural corks and synthetic stoppers. Finally, it is worthy to note that the diffusion coefficient, as an intrinsic parameter, is the most relevant parameter to characterize the gas barrier properties of wine stoppers.     

Spoilage of refrigerated (4 °C) Litopenaeus vannamei: cooperation between Shewanella species and contribution of cyclo‐(L‐Pro‐L‐Leu)‐dependent quorum sensing

The spoilage potential of Shewanella putrefaciens and S. baltica isolated from spoiled refrigerated Litopenaeus vannamei was evaluated by in vitro assays for trimethylamine oxide reduction, extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and biofilm formation, and in vivo inoculation into surface‐sterilised shrimp followed by microbial, biochemical and sensory analyses during storage for 5 days at 4 °C. S. baltica displayed higher spoilage potential than S. putrefaciens both in vitro and in vivo. Shrimp co‐inoculated with them had one‐day shorter shelf life than those mono‐inoculated, based on the results of bacterial density, volatile base nitrogen, trimethylamine, volatile organic compounds and sensory analysis, which strongly suggests cooperation of Shewanella species in shrimp spoilage. Exogenous cyclo‐(L‐Pro‐L‐Leu) boosted bacterial growth, extracellular protease and collagenase activities, and biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens and S. baltica at least before they entered the stationary phase, indicating that cyclo‐(L‐Pro‐L‐Leu)‐dependent quorum sensing, a recently suggested communication mechanism between them, contributes to the cooperation.     

黄鲫胃蛋白酶酶解液体外抗氧化、抑菌作用研究

采用胃蛋白酶水解黄鲫,测定酶解液的蛋白提取率、可溶性肽含量、水解度及氨基酸组成,并对酶解液体外抗氧化和抑菌作用进行研究。结果表明：黄鲫胃蛋白酶酶解液的蛋白提取率、可溶性肽提取率、水解度分别为 (110.28 ± 4.81)%、(81.78 ± 0.04)% 和 (18.12 ± 0.39)%,黄鲫胃蛋白酶酶解液的人体必需氨基酸相对含量可达37.91%。黄鲫胃蛋白酶酶解液具有很强的抗氧化能力,清除羟自由基和DPPH 自由基的ED50 分别为4.55μg/mL 和4.46μg/mL,还原力随着黄鲫胃蛋白酶酶解液质量浓度的增加而增大,在3.4 μg/mL 和13.6μg/mL 低、中质量浓度时螯合金属离子能力与EDTA 接近。体外抑菌实验显示：黄鲫胃蛋白酶酶解液具有广谱抑菌性,对大肠杆菌的抑菌效力分别与 13.21～15.44mcg/mL 的氨苄青霉素和 325.00～340.00U/mL 的硫酸链霉素相当 (P ＞ 0.05)。     

基于内源酶活性变化的冷藏哈氏仿对虾肌肉品质研究

目的：探究冷藏条件下哈氏仿对虾内源酶活性及肌肉品质特性的变化情况。方法：以哈氏仿对虾为对象,在0℃冷藏0、2、4、6 d,比较分析完整虾组和去头虾组肌肉的质构、TCA-可溶性肽、肌原纤维蛋白含量及其小片化指数以及虾头与肌肉中各种内源酶活性的变化规律。结果：随着冷藏时间的延长,两组虾肌肉中TCA-可溶性肽含量及肌原纤维小片化指数均呈现上升趋势;肌原纤维蛋白含量呈下降趋势,完整虾组和去头虾组肌肉在冷藏6 d后分别降低了56.65%和44.63%;而两组虾肉的硬度和弹性也始终呈现出下降趋势。在冷藏过程中,完整虾组虾头中胰蛋白酶活性逐渐下降,而其肌肉中活性则不断增加,去头虾组肌肉中该酶活缓慢下降,完整虾组虾头及肌肉、去头虾组肌肉中分别变化了16.9%、68.8%和15.2%;钙蛋白酶活性在两组肌肉中均随冷藏时间延长而不断下降,其中以完整虾组肌肉下降幅度较明显;在冷藏过程中组织蛋白酶B、D、H及L活性变化情况有所不同,其中去头虾组肌肉中4种组织蛋白酶活性整体高于完整虾组;两组虾肌肉中4种组织蛋白酶的活性在各亚细胞组份中,随着冷藏时间延长而逐渐下降,且完整虾组中活性高于去头虾组。结论：在冷藏过程中...     

飞鱼籽生物酶法脱囊衣技术研究

以飞鱼籽为原料,鱼籽脱囊衣率为指标,从胰蛋白酶、胶原蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶4种酶中,筛选出胰蛋白酶为最佳使用酶,并采用L9(34)正交实验设计对胰蛋白酶脱除飞鱼籽囊衣工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,酶解液浓度0.8mg/mL、pH9、在20℃下酶解12min,飞鱼籽脱囊衣率可达83%以上。     

基于组织蛋白酶催化的不冻液冻结中华管鞭虾中肌原纤维蛋白氧化分析

对比分析利用不冻液(-18℃和-30℃)冻结后冻藏与直接置于冰箱(-18℃和-30℃)冻结后冻藏的中华管鞭虾肌原纤维蛋白氧化指标变化以及组织蛋白酶B、H、L活性变化,通过肌原纤维微结构观察,分析酶活性对肌原纤维蛋白水解产生的作用,并探讨其与肌组织结构的相关性。结果表明：采用-18℃和-30℃不冻液冻结的中华管鞭虾的盐溶性蛋白含量(92.7 mg/g和97.8 mg/g)均明显高于-18℃和-30℃冰箱缓冻组(72.40 mg/g和77.90 mg/g);-30℃不冻液组的表面疏水性最低(400.6μg);两种冻结方式下-30℃组Ca²⁺-ATPase活性均高于-18℃组;总巯基含量变化趋势与Ca²⁺-ATPase活性变化趋势一致。冻藏前期(0～60 d),低温不冻液冻藏能较好地抑制中华管鞭虾组织蛋白酶活性,使其蛋白结构保持良好;冻藏后期(60～120 d),其对于酶活性的抑制作用减弱。综合以上结果,在一定冻藏期内,不冻液冻结比冰箱冻结能够更好减弱冻藏过程中中华管鞭虾的肌原纤维蛋白的氧化和组织蛋白酶活性,且不冻液的冻结温度越低,冻结速率越高,组...     

青蛤多肽的酶法制备及对前列腺癌DU-145细胞的抑制活性

探讨青蛤多肽的制备工艺及体外抗前列腺癌DU-145细胞的活性。以氨基氮含量为检测指标,筛选最优酶种类并进行正交试验以获取最佳酶解青蛤内脏酶解工艺。经超滤截留、琼脂糖凝胶层析、高效液相色谱分离纯化及噻唑蓝（3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide,MTT）活性筛选得到含有5 个氨基酸的多肽（Ile-Leu-Tyr-Met-Pro）。对所得多肽采用MTT法测定DU-145细胞增殖抑制率;采用倒置显微镜、Hoechst 33258染色及透射电子显微镜技术观察细胞形态学变化;采用荧光法检测细胞内活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平;采用线粒体膜电位检测DU-145细胞凋亡情况;采用免疫组织化学法检测非转移性克隆23型（nm23H1）蛋白的表达。结果表明：制备青蛤多肽最佳酶是木瓜蛋白酶,最佳酶解条件是料液比1:4、pH 7.0、加酶量1 500 U/g、温度45.0 ℃、酶解时间4 h;所得多肽对DU-145细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用,且呈时间与剂量依赖性;处理后的DU-145细胞出现凋亡的形态学特征;其质量浓度和细胞内ROS的表达量呈正相关关系;线粒体膜电位降低率从4.22%提高到25.07%;免疫组织化学法结果显示nm23H1蛋白的表达量增加。青蛤多肽能明显抑制DU-145细胞的增殖,并通过诱导其发生凋亡而发挥作用。